包含一种埋怨、责备、建议或指正的口气。否定句则表示已经发生了本不该发生的事。 You should have told him the paint on that seat is wet. I should have helped her, but I never could. They shouldn’t have left so soon. Can & could
. ―can(could) + have + 过去分词‖的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。 He cannot have been to that town.
The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it? dare和need的用法
1. need表示―需要‖或―必须‖，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用 must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如： You needn’t come so early.
— Need I finish the work today? — Yes, you must.
注意：needn’t + have done （即+不定时的完成时）―表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事‖。如：
You needn’t have waited for me.
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have classes this morning.
Chapter four Inversion（倒装）
Part I. Warm-up
1. There stands/is a tree. 2. Here comes the bus.
3. ―I like Voice of China.‖ ―So do I.‖
4. ―Zheng Hong didn’t enter the top four.‖ ―Neither did Li Daimo.‖ Part II. Theoretical explanation 一、Partial inversion (部分倒装)
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time决不, in no way, not until, by no means, under no condition, on no account… 等。例如： Never have I seen such a performance. 从未见过如此糟糕的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
2. 以否定词开头的固定短语搭配，有否定词的部分倒装
如 Not only…but also；Hardly/Scarcely…when； No sooner… than；Not until。 1) 当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。 Not until he lost the chance did he realize its importance.
典型习题： Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案D.
2）Not only did he refuse the gift, but he also severely criticized the sender. 他没有收下礼物，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am
fond of music。
3）Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 4）No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门，就有个学生来访。 用这些词表示\也\、\也不\的句子要部分倒装。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。 If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。
注意：当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\的确如此\。例如：
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。 ---It's raining hard.---So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。 4. only在句首倒装的情况。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well. 只有这样，你才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才来参加会议。 Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重时，他才卧床休息。 注意：Only 修饰主语不倒装。 5. 其他部分倒装
1） so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。
So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。
2） 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
例如： Were I you, I would try it again. 我是你的话，就再试一次。 二、Full inversion (全部倒装)
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1） here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。例如：
Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。 Here is your letter. 你的信。
There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle .
2） 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： Out rushed a boy from the classroom. 教室里窜出一个男孩。 Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 他们走开了。
3 ) 表语置于句首时，倒装结构为―表语+连系动词+主语‖ ① 形容词+连系动词+主语
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常乐。 ② 过去分词+连系动词+主语
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people. ③ 介词短语+be+主语
Among the gifts are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys. 6. as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。 Shortest as he is, he is the richest of the three. 虽然他是三个人中最矮的，却是最富有的。 Disabled as he was, he tried his best to serve the people. 虽然他残疾了，但他仍尽力为人民服务。 但需注意：
1） 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
Boy as he is, he likes to wear girl’s clothes. 他虽是个男孩，但却喜欢穿女孩的衣服。
2） 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力，但总不能让人满意。
注意：让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
Subordinate Clauses（从句）
◆Lead in
In a restaurant, ―when will we get married..‖ W: My question is when we will get married. M: I have no idea when we will get married.
W: Jack, I am dying to know when we will get married. M: Lucy, when we will get married is hard to say.
W: Stop! If you can’t make a decision within a month, I will break up with you. 1. I don’t know his name. 2. His name is Wang Ermazi. 3. Wang Ermazi is his name.
Nominal Clauses（名词性从句） 1. the object clause 宾语从句 2. the subject clause 主语从句
3. the appositive clause 同位语从句 4. the predicative clause 表语从句 I. 陈述语序 II. 关联词
1. 从属连词 that\\whether\\if
2. 关系代词 who/whom/which/ what 3. 关系副词 when/where/ why/how III. that &what
1. That Yao Chen got married is known to all.
2. What we are concerned about is when the winter vacation begins. 3. Show me what love is.
4. Show me (that) wonders can be true.
* 5. He told me (that ) he was preparing for CET4 and that he wanted to pass CET 6. 6. The wedding is perfect except that the bride ran away. IV. whether/if
1. The question is whether you can find somebody to go to KFC. If × 2. Whether you miss me or not makes no difference to me. If ×
3. I wonder if/ whether you’ll take a part time job or not during the winter vacation. 4. It all depends on whether people support him. If × V. It
主语从句
1. It is/was adj that 2. It is/was -ed that 3. It is noun that
4 It happens/ occurs to sb. that 宾语从句
He makes it clear that we must finish it on time. VI. 同位语从句
1. The news that YaoChen got married is known to all.
2. I have a question whether or not you can go with me. If × 3. He didn’t get the order when they should begin this program.
News/plan/fact/information/advice/suggestion/proposal/report/ idea/thought/view ect.
Attributive Clause(定语从句)
To introduce what we learned last week: who can tell me what we learned last week? (the object clause)
Theory review； 1. that 2. what
3. if/whether ☆Lead-in
Song: that’s why you go away
Baby, won’t you tell me why there is sadness in your eyes. Love is one big illusion I should try to forget I’m the one who is feeling lost right now But I’m not the man your heart is missing.
Eg: I have a pretty wife.
I have a wife who/that is pretty.
1) Eg: I have lived in Qingdao for ten years.
Qingdao is a city where I have lived for ten years. ☆Definition
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 (3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词：
指人----who(主语、宾语)，whom (宾语)
----that (主语、宾语)，whose (定语)
指物----that (主语、宾语)，which(主语、宾语) 关系副词： 注意：①关系副词里面没有how。 ②关副在从句中做状语 ☆Classification
(1) 限制性定语从句：是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。
Eg: The boys who wanted to play games were disappointed when there was a power cut.
(2) 非限制性定语从句: 和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句， 写时往往逗号分开。
Eg: e.g.The boys, who wanted to play games were disappointed when there was a power cut.
注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用that，指人时用who(主语),whom(宾语)，指物时须用which.
e.g:He made the same mistakes again, which made his teacher very angry. ☆Attentions
I：关系代词 VS 关系副词
缺少主语或者宾语选择关系代词。 缺少状语选择关系副词。 This is the factory that I visited
This is the factory where/in which I worked.
Conclusion: 根据定从中所缺成分确定用关代还是关副。 Do you remember the place where I first met you. I will never forget the days when I stayed with you. That’s the reason why we broke up. The sweater that/which I bought online is too big. II. that/which
1. 只用that（可指人或物，可做主语,宾语，不可引导非限定性定语从句。） ① 先行词是all, much, little ,everything, nothing, anything指物时只that。 e.gOur parents always do all that they can do for us. Is there anything that you know about Jobs?
②先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，无论指物还是指人均用that。 e.g: She is the most beautiful girl that I have seen. ③先行词既有人也有物，只that ④先行词有the only, the very, the last 修饰，只that. e.g:This is the very book (that) I want to find. ⑤先行词前有all.every,no,some,any,little,much,few等修饰，只that. e.g:I’ve read all the books (that) you gave me. 2. 只用which ①非限制行定语从句