②引导词前有介词 ③一个句子若有两个定从，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导。
e.g:He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to skill the time.
III. as/ which 1. ①such+名词+as+从句 the same+名词+as+从句 as…as
as在从句中做主，宾，表） e.g. He is not the same man as he was. ②As 代替前面的句子，表―正如，正像‖ e.g:The song was very popular as people expected. ③当主句和从句语义一致时用as He made a long speech, as is expected. ④如果从句在主句前，这时要用as eg: As we all know, the earth is round. 2. ①which 代替前面的句子，表―这件事，这一点‖
e.g:We moved the stone away from the road, which took as an hour.
②当主句和从句语义不一致或从句为否定时用which. e.g:He made a long speech, which is unexpected. IV. 介词+关系代词(介词+which & 介词+whom） 1. 根据谓语的固定搭配选介词。
This is the evidence with which the case is connected 2. 根据先行词选介词。
I’ll never forget the day on which /when I met my girl friend. 3. 介词后指事用which, 指人用whom.
His bag, in which he put his rose, has been stolen.
Xiao Wang, with whom he went to the concert, enjoyed it very much. 4. 在非限制性定从中。 名/代/数 +of +which/whom
The students, some of whom stayed up to study English, come from different cities.
Adverbial Clauses
状语从句：在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。
分类：时间状语从句；地点状语从句；条件状语从句；原因状语从句；让步状语从句；比较状语从句；目的状语从句；结果状语从句；方式状语从句。 1.Adverbial Clause of Condition 条件状语从句 引导词：if/unless 如果，假如
assuming that/supposing that... 认为... provided/given that... 鉴于...考虑到... as long as... 只要... only if... 只有...
on condition that...倘若...
E.g. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
Given that he is a green hand, he does a good job. 鉴于他是个新手，他做的工作还不错。 Only if you work hard, can you succeed. 1. Adverbial Clause of Time 时间状语从句 引导词：when/while//before/after
as soon as/scarcely...when.../no sooner...than...=the moment/the time/ the minute/the second/directly/immediately Not until ①while v.s. when
while=during that time 在...期间, 当...的时候 （延续性动词）
when=at that time 在...时刻 （短暂性动词，如果是过去进行时态也可以接延续性动词） E.g.When you called me, I was having my dinner. E.g.You called me while I was having my dinner. ②before/after 时态逆转
E.g. The man had already left before I arrived at the station. After he had finished the homework he went out for a walk. ③scarcely...when.../No sooner...than... 倒装 not...until的四种不同句式 1. not...until... E.g. The little boy didn't smile until he saw the chocolate. 这个小男孩看到巧克力之后才开始笑起来。 B.until置于句首 E.g. Until he saw the chocolate, the little boy didn't smile. C. 倒装结构 E.g. Not until he saw the chocolate, did the little boy smile. D. 强调结构
it was not until + 时间从句或短语 + that + 主句部分
E.g. It was not until he saw the chocolate that the little boy smiled ④the moment/the time/ the minute/the second / immediately/instantly/ directly E.g. I began to like you the moment I saw you. ⑤ as soon as 主将从现
2. Adverbial Clause of Cause 原因状语从句 引导词：because, as, for
in that, seeing that, now that, considering that given that ①because>as>for>since
because语气最强，只有它才能用来回答why的提问。 E.g. ---Why haven’t you got a girlfriend?
---Because I am too handsome to find one.
since表示人们已知的事实或不需要强调的原因，译成―既然‖，通常放在句首。 E.g. Since we don't have class tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic?
既然明天没有课，我们出去野营如何？
as所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉。 E.g. As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed.
由于星期一是国家的法定假日，因此所有的政府办事机构都将关门休息。 for表示推断的理由，是对前面分句的内容加以解释和说明。
E.g. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
昨晚下雨了，因为今天早上地面都是湿的。 用介词表示因果关系
because of, due to, owing to + n./N.P.
E.g. We had an accident because he was careless.
We had an accident due to his carelessness. Owing to his carelessness we had an accident. ②其他复合连词表示原因 in that, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), given (that) E.g. E-mail is different from the traditional mail in that it sends and receives mails in a second.
电子邮件和传统的邮件是不同的，因为前者收发邮件可以在顷刻之间完成。 Now that you are sixteen, you can get a driver's license. 你已经16岁了，可以取得驾驶执照了。 4.Adverbial Clause of Concession 让步状语从句 引导词：though, although, even though, even if while
no matter wh - = - ever as ①常见连词 though, although, even though, even if 注：主句前不可用but,但可用yet或still.
E.g. Although she eats a lot, she is in a good shape.
表示让步转折关系的介词和副词： despite, in spite of ( 尽管...), regardless of （不管...） E.g. Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.
Despite the nasty weather, everyone is here. 尽管天气不好，每个人都来了。 CET 4 (2012. 6 .)
The sixteen-old-girl decided to go abroad by herself despite her parents' strong objection/opposition. (她父母强烈的反对)
注：despite+n.=despite the fact that....
=The sixteen-old-girl decided to go abroad by herself despite the fact that her parents opposed it strongly/objected to it strongly. (她父母强烈的反对) ②置于句首的while,一般表示―尽管‖ E.g. While I admit I did it, I didn't mean to.
尽管我承认是我做的，但我并不是故意的。 ③no matter wh- = -ever
Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. ④as引导的倒装句表示让步
倒装结构：adj./adv./n./done./短语 + as + 主语+ 谓语 E.g. Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.
尽管他还是个孩子，但知识渊博。
Lazy a boy as he is, he is kind to help others. 他虽然很懒惰，但乐于助人。
5.Adverbial Clause of Purpose 目的状语从句 引导词：so that, in order that, so as that Lest that, for fear that, in case that ①so that, in order that, so as that
E.g. He spoke loudly so that he could be paid attention to.
注：in order that可以放在句首，其他的不可以，只能放在居中。
so that 在目的状语从句中是―因此‖常和情态动词连用，在结果状语从句中有so that前有逗号。 ②其他连词的用法：lest that, for fear that, in case that
E.g. I stepped into the room slightly for fear that I (should) wake him up.
Give him some punishment lest that he (should) make the same mistake again. Wear more in case that it gets could.(不虚拟)
Wear more in case that itshould get cold.(虚拟也可) 6.Adverbial Clause of Result 结果状语从句 引导词：so...that..., such...that... so that...., such that....
to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such extent that ①常见连词的用法：so...that..., such...that....so that,...such that... E.g. She is such a beauty that everyone stops to have a look. 倒装：Such a beauty is she that everyone stops to have a look. E..g. He was such a fool that he believed her.
他真是愚蠢，连她都相信。
倒装：Such a fool was he that he believed her. ②其他短语连接的结果状语从句
To the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that) E.g. He went on with his empty speech to such an extent that some of us began to doze.
他一直不断地进行着自己空洞乏味的演讲，以至于我们当中都有人开始打瞌睡了。 To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze. 7.Adverbial Clause of Manner 方式状语从句 引导词：as, as if, as though, the way
E.g. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
Do it the way/the way that/the way in which you were taught. 按照教给你的那样做。
He looks as though/as if he is an actor. 他看上去像个演员。
8.Adverbial Clause of Place 地点状语从句 引导词：where
E.g. A driver should slow down where there are schools.
在有学校的地方，司机应缓行。 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有事者事竟成。
9. Adverbial Clause of Comparison比较状语从句 引导词：as than
the + 比较级..., the + 比较级... A is to B what/as C is to D ①as的基本用法 A. as +adj./adv. +as E.g. Grammar is not as diffiult as you thingk.
语法不像你想象的那么难。 B. as +adj. +a/an +可数名词单数 +as
Americans tend to think from small to large. Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes.
美国人的思维喜欢由小到大。我们举一个写信封地址的简单例子吧。 注：否定句中第一个as可用so 代替。 ②than的基本用法
可比性问题：The weather of the South is wetter than the North. 错误
The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North. 正确 ③固定结构 4. 表示倍数
倍数+比较级 A is three times bigger than B 倍数+as ...as A is three times as big as B 倍数+名词 A is three times the size of B
E.g. Du Haitao is three times heavier than He Jiong.
Du Haitao is twice as heavy as He Jiong.
Du Haitao is three times the weight of He Jiong. B. the + 比较级...,.the + 比较级... E.g. The more you eat, the fatter you will be. The more you say, the more confused I am. The richer he is , the meaner he becomes.
主谓一致subject-predicate agreement
I. Introduction
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。 II. 语法一致原则
语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形
式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1) His father is working on the farm. 2) To study English well is not easy.
3) What he said is very important for us all.
4) The children were in the classroom two hours ago. 5) Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
Note：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books.
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如： Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I were surprised when we heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. Note：(1) 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人、物或概念时，它后面的谓语动词用单数形式。通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或者无限定词时，他们常表示一个概念。如果分别有两个限定词修饰时，他们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each, every, many a, no 等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：