War and peace is a constant theme in history. The writer and artist was present at the meeting.
(2) 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more than a （an） ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall.
4. either， neither， each， every 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. Note：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有―of+复数名词（或代词）‖作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America.
5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. Note：people， police， cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：
The police are looking for the lost child.
而有些集体名词，如：machinery, equipment, furniture, mercandise（商品），通常做不
可数名词，随后动词用单数形式。 7. 由―a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词‖构成的短语以及由―分数或百分数+名词‖构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
Note：1) a number of―许多‖，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of―……的数量‖，主语是number，谓语用单数。
2) many a, more than one 意为―许多‖，但是用单数的形式表达复数的意义，后
接可数名词单数，谓语动词为单数形式。
Many a student has joined tennis club. 另：an amount of +U( 不可数) 单动 ;a wealth of +C/U ; A quantity of C/U +单
动；quantities of C/U +复动
8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. III. 逻辑意义一致原则
逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠
意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示―时间、重量、长度、价值‖等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体；如果表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1) Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
2) The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，意义时单数，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：―The Arabian Nights‖ is an interesting story-book. 4. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 5. 表数量的短语―one and a half‖后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数）。如：One and a half apples is （are） left on the table. 6. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a （the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8. ―定冠词the + 形容词或分词‖，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 IV. 就近一致原则
在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor， whether … or …， not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：
1) Not only the teacher but also the students are our friends.
2) Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right？
2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：
1) There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 2) There is a phone and several books.
注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。Here comes an adult and three children.
主谓一致subject-predicate agreement
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。
语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形
式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1) His father is working on the farm. 2) To study English well is not easy.
3) What he said is very important for us all.
4) The children were in the classroom two hours ago. 5) Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
Note：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数
或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books.
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如： Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I were surprised when we heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. Note：(1) 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人、物或概念时，它后面的谓语动词用单数形式。通常，如果两个名词只有一个限定词或者无限定词时，他们常表示一个概念。如果分别有两个限定词修饰时，他们往往表示两个不同的概念。另外，如果and连接的两个单数名词均有each, every, many a, no 等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：
War and peace is a constant theme in history. The writer and artist was present at the meeting.
(2) 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more than a （an） ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall.
4. either， neither， each， every 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. Note：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有―of+复数名词（或代词）‖作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America.
5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. Note：people， police， cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：
The police are looking for the lost child.
而有些集体名词，如：machinery, equipment, furniture, mercandise（商品），通常做不
可数名词，随后动词用单数形式。 7. 由―a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名词‖构成的短语以及由―分数或百分数+名词‖构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
Note：1) a number of―许多‖，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of―……的数量‖，主语是number，谓语用单数。
2) many a, more than one 意为―许多‖，但是用单数的形式表达复数的意义，后
接可数名词单数，谓语动词为单数形式。
Many a student has joined tennis club.
另：an amount of +U( 不可数) 单动 ;a wealth of +C/U ; A quantity of C/U +单
动；quantities of C/U +复动
8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
逻辑意义一致原则
逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。
1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag？ / Which are your bags？ / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示―时间、重量、长度、价值‖等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体；如果表示具体的多少，强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1) Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
2) The fifty miles were covered by the winner in three hours.
3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，意义时单数，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：―The Arabian Nights‖ is an interesting story-book. 4. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study. 5. 表数量的短语―one and a half‖后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数）。如：One and a half apples is （are） left on the table. 6. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a （the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8. ―定冠词the + 形容词或分词‖，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。 就近一致原则
在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor， whether … or …， not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：
1) Not only the teacher but also the students are our friends.
2) Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right？
2. there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：
1) There are two chairs and a desk in the room. 2) There is a phone and several books.
注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。Here comes an adult and three children.
动名词（gerund）
主动语态 被动语态
一般式 完成式 doing having done being done having been done 二、动名词的功用 1.动名词作主语
动名词可位于句首，用作主语，表示一般概念，强调习惯性动作。 例1：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
经典考点1：Finding a job in such a big company has always been___ his wildest dreams.(CET-4，1997年1月)
A)under B)over C)above D)beyond
?巧解?本题应选D。beyond意为―超出，出乎，为…所不能及‖。全句意思是：在这样一个大公司找到工作一直是他不敢想象的。 注：在一些句子中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放在句末。it is后可接no use， no good， fun等名词，也可接useless，nice，good，interesting等形容词。 例1：It's great fun sailing a boat. 扬帆驾舟是十分有趣的。
例2：It's good hearing English spoken. 听到人讲英语，我很高兴。 2.动名词作宾语
(1)某些及物动词后可接动名词作宾语，这些常见、常考的动词如下表： admit，appreciate，avoid，deny，enjoy，finish，miss， postpone，practice，quit，resent，resist，suggest，keep，complete，anticipate，discuss，mention，tolerate，understand，favor，escape，forgive，consider，prohibit，mind，dislike，acknowledge，fancy，defer，imagine等。 例1：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议换一种方法做此事。 例2：The students anticipate having a good time in the Spring Festival at home. 学生们预料春节在家里会过得很愉快。
(2)动名词做短语动词的宾语。在动名词作短语动词的宾语时，应特别注意在一些短语动词后的to究竟是介词，还是不定式符号。如在下列短语中的to都是介词：
lead to，contribute to，devote to，object to，look forward to，dedicate to，confess to，be used to 例1：They objected to leaving school and going to work.他们反对辍学去打工。
例2：Jane's summer vacation in England led to her marrying an Englishman. 简的暑假在英国度过，这使她嫁给了一个英国人。 三、动名词的复合结构
―名词所有格(或物主代词)+动名词‖，即构成动名词的复合结构。在该结构中，名词所有格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语，在句中可作主语或宾语。一般说来，该结构用作宾语时，对于有生命的名词来说，既可以用名词又可用名词所有格，但以直接使用名词为宜；对于无生命的名词来说，一般避免使用所有格；对于指代人的代词来说，使用其物主代词为宜。 例1：Excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。
例2：I was awakened by the door being opened.有人开门把我吵醒了。
例3：I don't like stranger's interfering in my affairs.我不喜欢局外人干涉我的事。 注：在下列句型或固定搭配中常用动名词 be busy doing sth.
have trouble (difficulty) in doing sth. There is no doing sth. can't help doing sth.
There is no sense (point，harm，fun) in doing sth.