On the one hand, images are more vivid and easier for
the largest audience to comprehend.
On the other hand, images tend to cause ambiguities. The most effective way of communication is combing
the use of images and that of language. 独立题目
------------------------------
75. \society are generally not those who develop their own new ideas, but those who are most gifted at perceiving and coordinating the talents and skills of others.\
对社会做出重要贡献的人往往不是那些发展自己新想法的人，而是那些最善于察觉和调控他人天赋和技术的人。
Generally speaking, the progress of society depends more on the contributions of leaders rather than the ordinary masses.
It should be admitted that individual thinkers and
scientist make important contributions to society. However, history is filled with examples that indicate the
dramatic contributions to society made by the people who are capable of leading others toward a common goal.
Today, progress in every field is impossible without the
joined efforts of individuals—through the coordination of leaders.
------------------------------
81. \does more to impede than to encourage progress.\
出于爱国对于一个国家的尊崇往往不是促进进步而是阻碍进步。 Agree
It should be admitted that patriotic reverence for the
history of a nation is a precondition of national cohesion.
However, irrational reverence for national history would
result in social conservatism that rejects the introduction of any social reforms.
Blind reverence for national history would also cause
fanatic nationalism, making impossible the communication between nations and cultures. 沙文主义
------------------------------
84. \significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.\
在任何物质领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响就不可能会有意义重大的成功。
Progress in any field is based on past achievements within that field.
In social sciences, the past achievements of a field are
the rich sources of inspirations for formulating new theories in that field.
In natural sciences, scientists use the existing methods
and equipments—the achievements of the past—to make new discoveries or inventions.
Even in creative fields such as arts and literature,
mastering the achievements of the past is a precondition of creating new works. 现在和过去
------------------------------
86. \long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.\
年轻人应该被鼓励去寻求长期的现实目标而不是追求眼前的名声。
Seeking immediate fame and recognition would turn out
to be counterproductive.
Unfortunately, today’s education and society seem to
attach more importance to immediate success. In the long run, pursuing long-term goals not only
benefit young people themselves but also the whole society. 现实和将来
------------------------------
87. \than the expert to make important discoveries.\
在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。 Agree
Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and
great courage to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative.
Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and
enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame. 新手和老手
------------------------------
91. \the result of rational choice, but reason often has little to do with the way people form values.\
大多数人认为他们深信不疑的价值观是理性选择的结果，但是理智往往对于人们形成价值观几乎根本不起作用。
Individual’s deeply held values are usually not the result of rational choice, but the result of socialization.
It is the culture in which we live that provides us with the
values.
Most people simply adopt the values instilled by their
culture.
It is necessary to question the established values within a
certain society. 理性和感性之价值观
11
------------------------------
95. \individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition In some cases, the statement makes sense; in other cases, it does not.
In academic studies, the goal of a project is but a general
direction; what matters are the unexpected concrete findings on the way to the goal.
does.\
人们在团队中工作比独立工作要更加有效率。团队协作需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加激励人们。
In some jobs productivity clearly depends on the ability
of coworkers to cooperate as members of a team. In other types of jobs individual competition, tenacity
and ambition are key to productivity.
On balance, however, my view is that cooperation is
more crucial for an organization’s long-term productivity than individual competition. 竞争和合作之效率 ------------------------------
99. \
business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas
idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.\
在任何生活领域中----无论是学术、社会、商业还是政治----获得成功的唯一道路就是采取现实的而不是理想化的观点。实用的行为确保了生存，反之理想化的观点正在趋于被更简化的和更直接的选择所取代。
Idealism is just as crucial—if not more so—for long-term success in any endeavor, whether it be in academics, business, or political and social reform. When it comes to academics, although the
idealist-student might sacrifice a high overall grade average, the depth of knowledge, academic
discipline, and sense of purpose the students gains will serve that student well later in life.
Considering the business world, without a dream or
vision—that is, without strong idealist leadership—a firm can easily be cast about in the sea of commerce without clear direction, threatening not only the firm’s bottom line but also its very survival. Finally, when it comes to the political arena, it is
idealists—not pragmatists—who sway the masses, incite revolutions, and make political ideology reality. 理想和现实
------------------------------
118. \
humanities, the social sciences, industry, etc.-it is not the attainment of a goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.\
在所有的物质领域中--科学、人文科学、社会科学、工业等等--能否达到目的并不重要，而在争取达到目的的过程中获得的想法和发现才更重要。
However, in industry and business, what is crucial is the
attainment of a specific goal rather than the process toward that goal.
In politics, failing to achieve a promised goal might
mean a calamity for a politician. 过程和结果
------------------------------
121. \
species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.\
在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。
The statement raises a variety of issues about morality, conscience, self-preservation, and economics. On
balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans need not make “extraordinary” efforts—at the expense of money and jobs—to ensure the preservation of any endangered species.
There are three fundamental arguments for imposing on
ourselves at least some responsibility to preserve endangered species, which are culpability, capability, and self-preservation.
On the other hand are two compelling arguments against
placing a duty on humans to protect endangered species. The first is essentially the Darwinian
argument that extinction results from the inexorable process of so-called “natural selection” in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not. Secondly, many animal extinctions are due to natural
forces which are far beyond our ability. The more money and jobs it would cost to save a certain
species, the lower priority we should place on doing so.
人类和自然--当务之急（资金、工作）和长远考虑（物种）
------------------------------
127. \by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.\
事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。
12
When it comes to certain aspect of our personal lives, and to historical events and scientific truths, no measure of desire or even passion can change external reality.
On an individual level, we all engage in futile attempts to
alter facts—by pretending that certain things are not the way they are because they are inconsistent with our wishes or personal interests.
Nor can we alter facts by virtue of our inclinations or
passions when it comes to history. Historical event is 139. \'wrong' in its own terms and according to the conditions of its own time.\
每一代人都要根据自己时代的情况和自己的说法来重新定义对与错。
We should define some new items for better
understanding of the development of techniques and enhancing the quality of our life.
not rendered any less factual by either our ignorance or characterization of it.
Similarly, when it comes to science, our wishes and
desires ultimately yield to the stubbornness of facts—by which I mean empirical scientific
evidence and the laws and principles of the physical world. 客观和主观
------------------------------
136. \very, very rare.\
没有选择的情况少之又少。
Agree
Our collective life experience is that we make choices
and decisions every day—on a continual basis. Common sense dictates that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare. People often claim that life’s circumstances leave them
with “no choice”. The fundamental problem with these sorts of claim is that the claimants are only considering those choice that are not viable or attractive.
Besides, the contention that we are almost invariably free
to choose is far more appealing from a
socio-political standpoint than the opposite claim. 独立题目
------------------------------
137. \one problem for another.\
我们所称之为进步的过程就是从一个问题变化到另一个问题。 Agree
Industrialization, a great historical progress which has
dramatically saved the limited labor force, has brought about environmental problems.
Urbanization, another breakthrough in human history,
has witnessed a rise in crime rates and disintegration of communities.
However, there is no need to be pessimistic about
progress.
独立
------------------------------
However, rashness of redefining the terms may cause
detrimental effects to our society. Such as the sex liberty in the U.S., which led to dramatic rise in juvenile delinquency.
Meanwhile, we should give no doubt to axioms. 时间
------------------------------
141. \people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.\
虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是一致。
Agree with concession
Regarding the sort of economic success that results from
investing one’s wealth, the principles of investing dictate that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd.
Turning to the sort of economic success that one
achieves by way of one’s work, neither conformists nor non-conformists necessarily achieve greater success than the other group.
However, in traditional service industries—such as
finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care—personal economic success comes not to non-conformist but rather to those who can work most effectively within the constraints of established practices, policies and regulations. 个人和整体
------------------------------
145. \adapt to changing social conventions without sacrificing one's principles.\
对于个性的最大考验在于一个人是否能够适应不断变化的社会规范而不牺牲自己的原则。
How to confront changing social conventions is a crucial challenge to one’s character.
Those who can adapt to the changing social conventions
such as economic climate without sacrificing their principles are more likely to succeed.
However, an even more praiseworthy character is one
who is willing to change his principles to adapt to the changing situations when those principles are out of date.
13
个体和整体
------------------------------
146. \idea or policy are the most critical of it.\
对于一种想法或者政策最忠实的人往往是那些对其最严厉的人。
Critical: Inclined to judge severely and find fault. 爱挑剔的倾向于进行严厉批判和找岔的
While I find this claim paradoxical on its face, the paradox is explainable, and the explanation is well supported empirically. Nevertheless, the claim is an unfair generalization in that it fails to account for other empirical evidence serving to discredit it.
Are commitment and criticism mutually exclusive?
One possible explanation is that individuals most firmly committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who are most knowledgeable on the subject, and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.
Lending credence to this explanation for the paradoxical
nature of the speaker’s claim are the many historical cases of uneasy marriage between commitment to and criticism of the same idea or policy. In the face of historical examples supporting the
speaker’s claim are innumerable influential
individuals who were zealously committed to certain ideas and policies but who were not critical of them, at least not outwardly.
------------------------------
148. \to disappointment or trouble.\
很多人向往理想主义，但是它实际上总是带来失望或者麻烦。
Idealism does more harm than good to society as well as individuals.
An idealist is one who, on noticing that a rose smells
better a cabbage, concludes that it will also make better soup.
Political idealism such as communism brought
catastrophes to former socialist countries. Individually, idealism, if it were not balanced by
pragmatism, would lead to personal failure.
Guided by practical plans, however, idealism can lead to
hope and enthusiasm. 理想和现实
idealism: The act or practice of envisioning things in an ideal form.
理想主义用理想的观点看待事物的行为或实践行为 ------------------------------
156. \controlled by the society in which we live.\
选择只是一种假象。实际上，我们的生活是被我们生活其中的社会所控制的。
Choice is a highly practical thing that everyone is
confronted with all the time.
However, not every one can tackle choice properly with
much easiness.
Society is also influenced and controlled by our way of
living.
类似于现有环境后有意识 ------------------------------
157. \
observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires.\
纯粹客观的观察是不存在的。所有的观察都是主观的；观察总是被观察者的预期或者喜好所左右的。
It would be tempting to afford the speaker’s claim
greater merit than it deserves. After all, our everyday experience as humans informs us that we often disagree about what we observe around us.
However, these sorts of subjective “observations” are
actually subjective “interpretations” of what we observe.
主观和客观之观察 ------------------------------
162. \take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed.\
人们经常听说个人需要为他们自己的生活负责任。然而，人们发现自己所处环境的存在要远远早于人们对其的认识。因此，个人责任的概念要比通常人们想象的要复杂和不切实际。
The statement can help us understand better the concept of personal responsibility.
We all live in conditions that have been largely
established by others.
The environment in which we act, often uncontrollable,
exerts unforeseeable influence on our behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the
objective conditions when we require a person to assume responsibility. ------------------------------
163. \a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited
14
portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis.\
大多数人在物质上和精神上都生活在一个非常有限的圈子里面。除非要面对严重的问题或者危机，否则他们仅仅会利用有效资源的极有限的一小部分。 Agree
Many people are confined by the physical deficiencies or
175. \innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.\
革新的动力往往来自于个人；革新的细节可能来自于团队，但是实质的革新都是个人努力和独特思维的结果。 moral regulations in their way of living. They have to obey them to procure their reputation, fame, success, and so on.
However, when confronted with crisis and the like,
people will use resources of others or of the community or even the whole society. ------------------------------
165. \people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.\
在任何领域当中，领导作用总是来自于这些人，他们并不为传统的观念所动，而是极力渴望表达那些和主流思想不同的观点和想法。
When it comes to political power, I would admit that a
deep-seated psychological need to be noticed or to be different sometimes lies at the heart of a person’s drive to political power and fame.
Nevertheless, for every leading political voice driven to
new ideas by a desire to be noticed or to be different, on can cite many other political
leaders clearly driven instead by the courage of their convictions.
Turning to the arts, creative urges are born not of ego but
rather of some intensely personal commitment to an aesthetic ideal.
As for the physical sciences, innovation and progress can
only result from challenging conventional theories—that is, the status quo.
------------------------------
168. \little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.\
批判性的判断在任何领域当中都是没什么用处的，除非它是来自于该领域中的专家。
With respect to the social sciences, the social world
presents a seamless web of not only anthropogenic but also physical forces, which interact in ways that can be understood only in the context of a variety of disciplines.
In contrast, the work of researchers in the purely physical
sciences can be judged only by their peers. 统一和分歧之专家
------------------------------
With respect to business innovation, I agree that it is the
vision and commitment of key individuals—such as a firm’s founder or chief executive—from which business burgeon and innovative products, services, and marketing and management strategies emerge. Nevertheless, teamwork and individual enterprise are not
necessarily inconsistent, as the speaker would have us believe.
------------------------------
182. \
只相信聪明才智是危险的。
Intelligence is sufficient in some cases but not in any case.
In scientific studies regarding the physical world, we
should depend only on intelligence for discovering and testing truths.
However, in the realm of human affairs, we have to use
both our intelligence and our hearts to solve problems.
------------------------------
184. \data.\
在掌握足够资料之前建立理论会导致严重的错误。
A theory conjured up without the benefit of data amounts
to little more than the theorist’s hopes and
desires—what he or she wants to be true and not be true.
By theorizing before collecting data the theorist also runs
that risk of interpreting that data in a manner which makes it appear to lend more credence to the theory than it actually does. ------------------------------
186. \and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.\
实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。
Practicality seems clearly to be the litmus test for
education today.
15