摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活，因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。
Although I agree that a video provides a more objective and accurate record of an event’s spatial aspects, there is far more to document in life than what we see and hear. Thus the speaker overstates the comparative significance of video as a documentary tool.
For the purpose of documenting temporal, spatial events
and experiences, I agree that a video record is usually more accurate and more convincing than a written record.
Nonetheless, for certain other purposes written records
are more advantageous and more appropriate than video records.
Finally, a video record is of not use in documenting
statistical or quantitative information. 记录手段：现代摄像机和印刷术 ------------------------------
30. \should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time.\
技术进步的首要目标应该是提高人们的效率以便于每个人都享有更多的闲暇时光。
Disagree:
The chief reason for my disagreement lies in the
empirical proof: with technological advancement comes diminished leisure time.
Meanwhile, the suggestion that technology’s chief goal
should be to facilitate leisure is simply wrongheaded. There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address. 技术进步之空闲时刻 ------------------------------
66. \solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.\
当人们变得越来越依赖技术解决问题的时候，人类独立思考的能力将肯定会有所衰退。
Technology is a double-edged sword that may either serve or harm human interests.
On the one hand, it is possible that people may become
the slaves of technology.
On the other hand, technology may save people’s time
and energy so that they could devote themselves to more creative and meaningful work.
Moreover, technology provides people with effective
instruments for intellectual work. 技术进步之人和技术 ------------------------------
69. \scientific research and development\
政府应该少限制科学研究和发展。
Disagree
Without government funding, scientists would find it
difficult to carry out large-scale projects.
Government can also organize scientists to solve the
most urgent problems that concern society.
However, government should refrain from interfering
with the freedom of scientific enquiry.
技术之政府限制
------------------------------
88. \determine social customs and ethics.\
技术不仅仅影响而且实际上是决定了社会传统和道德规范。
Technologies have radically changed the way we spend
holidays.
The new ways of communication brought about by
electronic technology have transformed the way we associate with each other in our daily lives.
However, we should not let technologies determine our
ethics.
技术进步之社会影响 ------------------------------
107. \to form hasty opinions and give quick replies rather than take the time to develop thoughtful, well-reasoned points of view.\
即时通讯系统促使人们匆忙的做出判断并很快的给出回答，而不是花时间去形成深思熟虑和理由充分的观点。
Instant communication systems tend to discourage thoughtful and well-reasoned points of view.
Instant communication systems usually require quick
replies.
The pressure of time and space—a key feature of instant
communication—forces people to form hasty opinions rather than thoughtful and well-reasoned points of view.
On the contrary, traditional ways of communication such
as hand-written letters or face-to-face discussion are more likely to induce in-depth thinking. 技术进步之即时判断 ------------------------------
114. \past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity.\
人文学科在过去的一百年左右止步不前。技术在不断进步而人文学科的整体条件却没有改善。战争、暴力和贫困仍然困扰着我们。技术无法改变人文学科的处境。
Although I agree that technology cannot ultimately
prevent us from harming one another, the statement fails
26
to account for the significant positive impact that the modern industrial and computer revolutions have had on the quality life—at least in the developed world.
I agree with the statement insofar as there is no
technological solution to the enduring problems of war, poverty, and violence, for the reason that they stem from certain aspects of human nature—such as aggression and greed.
For every technological innovation helping to reduce
human suffering is another that has served primarily to add it.
Notwithstanding technology’s limitations in preventing
war, poverty, and violence, 20th Century
technological innovation has enhanced the overall standard of living and comfort level of developed nations.
Of course, such progress has not come without costs. 技术进步之人文学科 ------------------------------
115. \measurement that we become aware of our progress. Without such tools, we have no reference points to indicate how far we have advanced or retreated.\
通过逻辑和精确仔细的衡量，我们得以明白自己的进步。如果没有这些手段，我们就没有参考来了解我们进步了多少或者退步了多少。
In certain endeavors, quantitative measurements and logical analysis of data are essential for us to determine whether and to what extent we are progressing or regressing. However, in other realms, objective data provides little guidance for determining progress.
As for monitoring individual progress, the extent to
which careful measurement and logical analysis of data are required depends on the specific endeavor. In the area of personal finance, objective measurements are critical.
In the area of one’s physical well-being, however,
quantitative measurement might be useful yet insufficient.
On a societal level, as on a personal level, the extent to
which careful measurement and logic are needed to determine progress also depends on the endeavor. In macroeconomics, as in personal finance, objective measurements are critical.
In contrast, socio-political progress is less susceptible to
objective measurement.
技术进步之人类进步 ------------------------------
119. \education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people's lives will be improved if the results are successful?\
当研究的重点被置于科学、教育或者其他领域中时，最重要的问题就是要考虑如果研究获得成功会有多少人的生活得以改善。
I agree insofar as areas of research certain to result in immediate and significant benefits for society should continue to be a priority. Yet, strictly followed, the speaker’s recommendation would have a harmful chilling effect on research and new knowledge.
Admittedly, scientific research whose societal benefits
are immediate, predictable, and profound should continue to be a high priority.
However, this is not to say that research whose benefits
are less immediate or clear should be given lower priority. First of all, if we strictly follow the
speaker’s suggestion, who would decide which areas of research are more worthwhile than others? Researchers cannot be left to decide.
Secondly, to compel all researchers to focus only on
certain areas would be to force many to waste their true talents.
Thirdly, it is difficult to predict which research avenues
will ultimately lead to the greatest contributions to society.
技术进步之改善人民生活 ------------------------------
124. \transportation-all of these recent developments are designed to save time. Ironically, though, instead of making more leisure time available, these developments have contributed to a pace of human affairs that is more rushed and more frantic than ever before.\
方便食品、即时通讯、更快捷的交通----所有这些最新的发展都是为了节省时间。具有讽刺意味的是，这样的发展并没有带来更过的休闲时间，反而使人们的生活节奏前所未有的匆忙和混乱。
While I agree that leisure time is declining as a result of efficiencies which technology has brought about,
whether the irony to which the speaker refers is real or imagined depends on what one considers to be the chief aim of technology.
Few would disagree that technology has enhanced the
speed and efficiency with which we travel, prepare our food, plan and coordinate projects, and communicate with one another.
What explains the irony—this decline in leisure despite
increase in efficiency that new technologies have brought about? I agree that technology itself is the culprit. We use the additional free time that
technology affords us not for leisure but rather for work.
Yet there are far more vital concerns which technology
seeks to address; therefore, the above-mentioned irony does not seem so ironic after all. 技术进步之生活节奏 ------------------------------
27
129. \positive force in modern life.\
技术对于现代生活是不可或缺的，但并不总是发挥积极的作用。 Agree
Undoubtedly, technology is the prerequisite for modern
society.
Admittedly, some people use technology for negative or
even evil purposes.
In that case, it is humanity rather than technology itself
that should be the culprit. ------------------------------
135. \Admittedly, travel for purposes other than tourism might
eventually decline, as the business world becomes increasingly dependent on Internet. 技术进步对人类社会的影响之旅游
obsolete: 过时的，废弃的 ------------------------------
151. \such as electronic mail and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.\
高速电子通讯媒体，例如电子邮件和电视，在逐渐地抑制有意义的和有思想性的交流。
result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems.\ 虽然我们面临的大多数环境问题都是因为技术的使用，但是社会必须依靠技术来寻求解决的办法。
Depending upon technology to tackle environmental problems is an important but not sufficient solution. The use of technology should be largely responsible for
the environmental problems.
It is true that technology will help us solve many
environmental problems.
However, if human beings do not change their attitude
toward nature, technology alone will not be able to save us.
技术对人类的影响之环保 ------------------------------
150. \connections, people can now become familiar with a great many places that they have never visited. As a result, tourism will soon become obsolete.\
由于电视和全球范围内的计算机网络，人们现在可以熟悉很多以前从未涉足过的地方。其结果就是使得旅游变得过时了。 (旅游将会被淘汰)
I agree that these technologies might eventually serve to reduce travel for certain purposes other than tourism. However, I strongly disagree that tourism will become obsolete, or that it will even decline, as a result.
As for the claim that television will render tourism
obsolete, we already have sufficient empirical evidence that this will simply not happen.
It is somewhat more tempting to accept the speaker’s
further claim that computer connectivity will render tourism obsolete.
Moreover, in my view tourism will continue to thrive for
the same reason that people still go out for dinner or to the movies: we all need to “get away” from our familiar routines and surroundings from time to time.
In fact, computer connectivity might actually provide a
boon for tourism.
Agree with concession
Although ample empirical evidence suggests so with respect to television, the answer is far less clear when it comes to communication via computers.
Few would argue that since its inception broadcast
television has greatly enhanced communication to the masses.
Media such as email and the Web are interactive by
design, yet email is often used to avoid face-to-face encounters, and in practice is used as a means of distributing quick memos.
With respect to Web-based communication, the myriad
of educational sites, interactive and otherwise, is strong evidence that the Web tends to enhance, rather than prevent, meaningful communication. 技术进步对人类社会的影响之交流
------------------------------
155. \
learning that reading books is no longer very important.\
当代社会提供了如此之多的学习手段以至于读书已经变得不再那么重要了。
Books provide us knowledge, especially theoretical one. Admittedly, we can learn a lot from others via the
advanced means of communication, but this method has its limitations.
Some might argue that they can acquire the
correspondent knowledge through Internet. The complete knowledge of one area is indeed available on the Internet; however, such publication of knowledge is called “e-book”—another form of book.
技术进步对人类社会的影响之阅读 ------------------------------
159. \machines because machines are only tools of human minds.\
人类的智慧将总是高于机器，因为机器只是人类智慧的工具。
The statement is clearly accurate insofar as machines are
tools of human minds.
28
As for the statement’s second claim, in certain respects
machines are superior.
Up till now, the notion of human-made machine that
develop the ability to think on their own, and to develop so-called “emotional intelligence”, has been pure fiction.
技术进步对人类社会的影响（类似于影响和决定人类传统）
------------------------------
166. \contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable.\
在上个世纪，技术最有意义的贡献就是使得人们的生活越来越舒适了。
Everybody benefits from the contribution of the
technology to facilitate his or her private lives and works.
Many preeminent innovations of technology over the
past century have greatly improved the development of society and industry.
Admittedly, with the development of technology, some
problems arises---- green house effect, nuclear threats, environmental pollutions, etc. However, such drawbacks of technology do not surpass the benefit it brings about. 技术进步对人类的影响
------------------------------
196. \and may threaten or damage the quality of life.\
技术解决了问题，但是带来了更多的问题，并且可能会威胁或损害生活质量。
While mechanical automation may have diminished our quality of life on balance, digital automation is doing more to improve life than to undermine its quality. Admittedly, mechanical automation spawned entire
industries, creating jobs, stimulating economic growth, and supplying a plethora of innovative conveniences. Nevertheless, the sociological and environmental price of such progress may have outweighed its benefits.
In certain aspects, digital technology tends to diminish
our quality of life and create its own legion of human slaves.
On the other hand, by relegating repetitive tasks to
computers, digital technology has spawned great advances in medicine and physics, helping us to better understand the world, to enhance our health, and to prolong our lives. 技术对人类社会的影响 ------------------------------
219. \the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual
information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with--much less contribute to--the quantity of information that is now available electronically.\
既然电脑技术已经使人们及时接触大量真实信息成为可能，那么人们就不太可能像以前那样去深刻地或者创造性地思考了。对于通过电子手段获得的信息量，人们已经感觉跟不上了，并且个人的作用已经减弱了。
The availability of large amounts of factual information through the Internet does not necessarily hinder people from thinking deeply or originally.
No one would doubt that computer technology has led us
into an age of information, putting us on an
unprecedented advantageous position to access and use the boundless sea of information.
And there is no denying the possibility that we suffer
from a new problem—information overload. However, we should be clear that the task of human
beings today is not to compete with computer technology in terms of the quantity of information we can produce
We should and we can make full use of the large
amounts of information available electronically for research purposes and make original contributions.
全球化之信息
------------------------------
233. \and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.\
尽管诸如电视、电脑和互联网这样的发明似乎给学校教育提供了进步的手段，但是所有这些技术往往也是在偏离真正的学习。
Computer Assisted Instruction has several advantages over traditional ways of teaching.
First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate
individual differences in learning speed.
In addition, the computer provides students with a
stress-free learning environment.
A third advantage of CAI is that the computer can give a
student immediate feedback.
The possibility of students being distracted from learning
by new teaching equipment should not be used as an excuse to prevent teachers and students from benefiting from technological progress.
技术对人类的影响之多媒体教育 ------------------------------
237. \facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone--not just scholars--to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works.\
电脑和影像技术可以让普通人接触到像绘画和历史文献这样的原始资料的复制品。这项新技术最大的好处就是可以让任何人，不仅仅是学者们，即使无法接触到这些原始资料也一样可以进行深入的研究。
29
The speaker exaggerates the power of computers and video technology in academic research.
Undoubtedly, the new technology can make paintings
and historical documents available to more people, thus contributing to academic research.
However, not anyone can conduct in-depth research once
research sources are available.
Besides, the facsimiles made by the new technology—no
每个人都应该阅读诗歌、小说、神话以及各种各样的想象文学。
Reading imaginative literature is beneficial for everyone. Imagination is a precondition of any creative work. Reading imaginative literature enriches one’s
imagination.
Reading imaginative literature is also a pleasant way of
relaxation. matter how accurate they are—can never replace the original works.
精英和大众之复制技术与原始资料 ------------------------------
第五类 学习
1. \views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.\
通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。 Admittedly, under some circumstances disagreement
with others can be counterproductive to learning. Disagreement can also inhibit learning when two
opponents disagree on fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate. However, it is through debate that human knowledge
advances whether at the personal, community or global level. ---------------
4. \outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.\
在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。
Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group
There is no doubt that different disciplines are
interrelated and that the knowledge of one field can shed light on the studies of other fields.
Knowledge of statistics was introduced into the fields of
sociology and history, contributing to the researchers in those fields.
Literary critics borrow new ideas formulated by
philosophers to further their studies.
When biology and chemistry met, biochemistry came
into being.
闭门造车，旁观者清 ------------------------------
14. \mythology and other types of imaginative literature.\
想象文学与人
------------------------------
28. \studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.\
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。
If we learn only facts, we learn very little.
Postponing the memorization of facts until after one
learns ideas and concepts holds certain advantages. Conceding that students must learn ideas and concepts,
as well as facts relating to them, in order to learning anything meaningful, I nevertheless disagree that the former should always precede the latter.
The speaker misunderstands the process by which we
learn ideas and concepts, and by which we develop new ones.
Strict adherence to the speaker’s advice would surely
lead to ill-conceived ideas, concepts and theories. 局部和整体之触类旁通 ------------------------------
42. \that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups.\
由于学习不是一种孤立的行为而是需要人们之间合作的，所以各种年龄的学生如果经常小组学习的话就会在学术上受益匪浅。 Agree
Younger students may learn patience, tact, experience
and deliberation from elder ones.
Senior students may absorb inspiration, vigor, ambition,
and enthusiasm from junior ones.
Teamwork spirit is crucial for student’s career success. 少数和多数之学习小组 ------------------------------
57. \much richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.\
通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛。
The statement oversimplifies the issue of learning.
30