Practicality also dictates what sort of art is produced
today.
Practicality is also the overriding concern in
contemporary politics.
On the other hand, the claim amounts to an
overstatement when it comes to today’s scientific endeavors.
当务之急和长远大计的关系 ------------------------------
187. \ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is
accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice.\
拥护革新和接受新想法很简单。但是在大多数人们看来，最困难的是接受把这些新想法付诸实现的方式。 Chance favors only the prepared minds.
Taking risks without any planning is nothing but
rashness. 冒险和计划
------------------------------
194. \learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative.\
对于生活或者事业最好的准备不是学会竞争而是学会合作。 Agree
Cooperation benefits every member of the team. Every field of life requires people who are ready to
cooperate with others.
In areas of politics and law, new ideas are not often
easily accepted.
Yet once society grows to accept these new ideas, it
seems that it has an easier time accepting how they are put into practice.
In contrast, consider innovations in the natural sciences.
It seems that we universally embrace any new
technology in the name of progress. Of course there are always informed dissenters with legitimate concerns.
Yet the reasons why these dissenters oppose certain
innovations have to do with their potential applications and uses, not with the innovations themselves.
------------------------------
188. \
involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it.\
成功，无论是学术上的还是职业上的，都涉及了适应新环境并最终改变新环境的能力。
Regarding academic success, the speaker overstates the
significance of environment.
Turning next to professional success, and considering the
two traditional professions of law and medicine, the speaker’s claim unfairly overrates the ability to change one’s professional environment as a key ingredient of professional success.
In contrast, when it comes to certain other professions,
such as business and scientific research, the speaker’s claim is far more compelling. ------------------------------
192. \from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning.\
在生活的所有领域中，成功往往更多的来自于把握机会或者冒险而不是通过仔细谨慎的计划。
Careful and cautious planning is just as important as taking chances or risks.
Whatever goal we intend to accomplish, the first thing to
do is planning.
Only through cooperation can we accomplish great tasks. What is most needed today might be learning to compete
in the spirit of cooperation. 竞争和合作
------------------------------
199. \people, but from individuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone.\
真正有创意的想法并非来自于群体而是来自于个人。当群体试图创新的时候，它的成员之间会被迫相互妥协，结果就是新想法趋于弱化而更接近于传统。大部分新想法都是来自于独立工作的个人。
少数和多数之新创意
Original ideas may arise from individuals working alone as well as from groups of people working together. It is true that individual thinkers or scientists working
alone formulated many original ideas in history. However, one should see that those great individuals
actually benefited a lot from the work either of his contemporaries or of the people before their time. While members of a group might force each other to
compromise, it is also true that they may inspire and enlighten each other.
------------------------------
206. \should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do.\
人们现在太急于采取行动，实际上人们应该先停下来考虑一下他们这么做可能导致的结果。
It is always wise to think twice before you act. More haste, less speed.
It might not be too difficult to persuade people to
consider the possible impacts of their actions on themselves.
People should also think of the impacts of their actions
on other people.
现在和将来之思维和行动
16
------------------------------
208. \attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a
society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.\
人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。supply of careers is an interdependent one, and therefore it is unfair to generalize about which one drives the other.
Another compelling argument against the speaker’s
claim has to do with the myriad of ways in which people earn their living.
------------------------------
你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。
Turning first to the way people look and dress, certain
aspects of the outward appearance of a culture’s people do inform us of their ideas, attitudes and values.
The habits, rituals and lifestyles of a culture often do
provide accurate signals about its values.
Finally, the statement overlooks a crucial distinction
between free societies and oppressed ones. 以小见大
------------------------------
209. \people who have contrasting points of view.\
进步最好是在人们各抒己见的讨论中达成的。 In all realms of human endeavor, including the behavior and natural sciences as well as government and law, debate and disagreement form the foundation for progress.
Regarding the physical sciences, our scientific method is
essentially a call for progress through opposition. The nature-nurture debate will continue to serve as a
catalyst for progress across the entire social spectrum.
History informs us of the chilling effect suppression of
free discourse and debate can have on progress. 统一和分歧之进步 ------------------------------
210. \pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work.\
大多数人选择职业是基于很实际的考虑：经济需求、找工作简单、高薪水。很难得有人能从自己的潜质和兴趣出发去自由的寻找一份特定的工作。
Although practical considerations often play a significant role in occupational trends, ultimately the driving forces behind people’s career decisions are individual interest and ability.
At first glance the balance of empirical evidence would
seem to lend considerable credence to the speaker’s claim
However, upon further reflection it becomes clear that
the relationship between career seekers and the
211. \corporation, or by an individual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions.\ 任何一个决定，无论它来自政府、公司还是个人，都必须更多地考虑将来的情况而不是现在的情况。
We should take into account both future and present conditions when we make a decision.
Any decision that does not take into account future
conditions will become obsolete as time goes by. We should know that fact that nobody can foretell
exactly what will happen in the future.
Meanwhile, if we ignore the present conditions, our
decision will not work at all. 当务之急和百年大计之决定 ------------------------------
212. \it is justifiable.\
只要值得，不择手段达到目的是合理的。
Although the idealist way is to achieve the noblest goal through the noblest means, in reality we sometimes have to resort to low means in order to attain high goals.
Theoretically, the means taken should be consistent with
the ends in view.
However, in order to restore peace and social order,
individuals states or the international community has repeatedly used force in history.
We should be alert to the possibility that individuals,
organizations or government tend to plead a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and private interests.
------------------------------
216. \
accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.\
最重要的发现或是创造都是偶然的：在我们为一个问题寻求答案的时候，通常通过这个答案获得另外的收获。
Turning first to discoveries, I agree that discovery often
occurs when we unexpectedly happen upon
something in our quest for something else—such as an answer to unrelated question or a solution to an unrelated problem.
Many important discoveries are anticipated and sought
out purposefully.
17
In marked contrast to discoveries, creations are by nature
products of their creator’s purposeful designs.
------------------------------
225. \very different things, and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else.\
人们总是在寻找相同点，即使是在非常不同的事物间也不例外，甚至有时候这样做是无用乃至有害的。实际上，我们应该具体问题具体分析；我们应该尽量避免比较的倾向。
I agree with the speaker insofar as insisting on find
similarities between things can often result in unfair, and sometimes harmful, comparison.
We should be especially careful when looking for
similarities between people.
The speaker goes too far—by overlooking a fundamental,
even philosophical, reason why we should always look for similarities between things. 分歧和统一
------------------------------
226. \problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their
predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience.\
人们总是错误地认为自己面临的问题要比前人来得更复杂和更具有挑战性。不断增加的知识和经验最终消除这种假象。
现在和过去
The speaker overlooks certain societal problems unique
to today’s world, which are complex and challenging in ways unlike any problems that earlier societies ever faced.
However, humans face certain universal and timeless
problems, which are neither more nor less complex and challenging for any generation than for preceding ones.
------------------------------
231. \Rather, one should say, 'Moderation in most things,' since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus.\
“做任何事都要适度”这句话是欠考虑的。更确切的说，我们应该“对大多数事情都要适度”，因为人类在很多领域中遇到的问题都需要全力以赴（解决），或者至少会从中获益。
The virtues of moderation are undeniable. Moderation in
all things affords us the time and energy to sample more of what life and world have to offer. In contrast, lack of moderation leads to a life out of balance.
Having acknowledged the wisdom of the old adage, I
nevertheless agree that under some circumstances, and for some people, abandoning moderation might be well justified. 度的问题
------------------------------
234. \absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference.\
大多数人更喜欢约束和规则，而不是绝对自由的选择权，尽管他们可能会否认这样的倾向。
History informs us that attempts to quell basic
individuals freedoms—of expression, of opinion and belief, and to come and go as we please—invariably fail; however, reasonable constraints on freedom are needed to protect freedom—and to prevent a society from devolving into a state of anarchy where life is short and brutish.
Our preference for constraining our own freedom of
choice is evident on societal level as well as on individual level.
自由和约束
------------------------------
235. \loyalty--whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution--is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force.\
大多数人被告知忠诚是一种美德。但是无论是对朋友、对学校、对单位还是对任何机构，忠诚时常都是弊大于利的。
First consider the ways in which loyalty, if exercised in
proper measure and direction, can be a positive force.
On the other hand, if misguided or overextended loyalty
can amount to divisive and destructive force. 统一和分歧之忠诚 all too often时常
------------------------------
236. \accomplish great things if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful.\
鼓励年轻人们相信只要他们努力就能够完成伟大的事情，这样做不仅仅是在误导而且存在着潜在的危害性。
Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things does more good than harm to them.
No one knows much he or she can achieve before trying.
18
Encouraging young people to believe that they can
accomplish great things gives them confidence, which helps to bring out their potential.
Some of them may finally get frustrated because not
every one can accomplish great things; however, every one will make progress through doing their best.
理想和现实之努力篇 ------------------------------
238. \individual creativity and energy.\
一致几乎总是阻隔个人的创造力和活力。
Whether conformity stifles individual energy depends on
the individual person involved.
Conformists find enhanced energy in certain corner of
the business world as well, particularly in traditional service industries such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care.
In sharp contrast, other people are nonconformists by
nature. For these people a highly structured, bureaucratic environment only serves to quell motivation and energy.
As for whether conformity stifles individual creativity,
one need only look around at the individuals whom we consider highly creative to conclude that this is indeed the case. 统一和分歧
------------------------------
239. \'factual' actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a 'fact' should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future.\
大多数人们认为是事实的信息结果实际上都是不准确的。因此，任何据称是事实的信息都应该被质疑，因为它在将来很可能会被证明为是错误的。
On the one hand, we should not passively accept
whatever is passed off as fact; otherwise, human knowledge would never advance.
On the other hand, in certain cases undue skepticism can
be counterproductive and even harmful.
权威问题
------------------------------
240. \work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback.\
尽管对其他的个人或者群体的成就作积极的反应很容易，但是给与负面的回应往往更有价值。
Encouragement proves more valuable than negative feedback.
People may not be as good as we tell them they are, but
they will try harder thereafter.
Encouragement can make people happy and confident. Admittedly, honest negative feedback may help people
see their weakness.
良药苦口利于病。 ------------------------------
第三类 教育
5. \same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.\
一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排。 反对
On the one hand, a national curriculum contributes to
preserving a unified national culture and national cohesion.
Furthermore, a general curriculum decided by authority
rather than by local schools avoids limiting students to a narrow scope of knowledge too early.
On the other hand, in a multi-cultural society, different
ethnic communities should be given the opportunity to preserve and promote their traditional cultures. It’s beneficial to grant local schools the freedom to offer
students some elective courses, which can help the school to build its unique culture charisma.
-----------------
32. \same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts.\
不管在校园外不同领域之间薪水的差异有多大，学校对于所有学科老师的待遇应该是一视同仁的。比如，低年级的数学和美术老师应该享有同样的收入，即便在校外，数学专家的收入一般是要比艺术家高得多。
The salary rate a teacher receives should be related not to
his/ her discipline but his/her effort and contribution to the educational course.
Absolutely identical rate is unfair. Teachers of some
disciplines have to assume more harsh work under worse circumstances.
If the differences in salaries for related fields in the
world outside of school or college are dismissed, schools and colleges may have to face the loss of its staff.
19
孤立的校园 ---------------------
34. \variety of disciplines--that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences--colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society.\
与其要求学生们选修各种各样的学科----从艺术和人文科学到物理和生物科学----大学还不如允许学生们仅仅去选择那些有助于他们今后工作的学科。这种集中在当今这个工作至上的社会是必要的。
To begin with, schools should attach enough importance
to courses that can help students prepare for jobs in their chosen fields.
However, work-oriented courses is never incompatible
with other courses such as arts, humanities and the like, which also play an important role in one career success.
Inter-disciplinary study is crucial for the improvement of
either discipline.
Though courses of a wide range of disciplines should be
made compulsory, sufficient freedom should be granted to students. 学科
---------------------
39. \college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree.\
大学学习的好处被过分的高估了：大多数人如果通过研究和阅读的方式自学四年的话，会比追求一个大学学位学到的更多。
Disagree
Schools offer systematical curriculum, qualified staff,
libraries, facilities and so on, which are not available to individuals who study on their own.
Studying with peers arouses competition and cooperation.
Compulsory studies avoids laziness.
Qualified degrees help get a job offer more easily. However, degree does not mean everything. It is just a
symbol. Even if you have a college degree, you still have to work hard in order achieve career success. 大学和自学 --------------
50. \college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.\
为了改善大学的教学质量，所有的教员都应该被要求花一定时间到学术领域以外去参加和他们所教科目相关的工作。
Position:
Working experience in relevant professions enables college and university faculty to offer practical instruction to students.
First, faculty who are actively engaged in their fields
come to class with fresh insights and contagious excitement about the issue at hand.
Secondly, by keeping abreast with the changing demands
of work as a professional, professors can help students who are serious about pursuing a career in that field to make more informed career decisions. Thirdly, experience in the field can help a professor
ferret out cutting-edge and controversial issues—which might be appropriate subjects for research and publication.
However, the teachers in some disciplines such as
mathematics, literature, history, philosophy, etc., may find it difficult to combine their teaching with relevant professional fields. ----------------
51. \specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.\
教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。
Student-oriented education is the most effective way to help students learn.
The traditional teacher-oriented education often neglects
the individual needs and interests of each student, which proves counterproductive.
Student-oriented education can most effectively involve
individual students in the learning process.
Nonetheless, winking at students’ unreasonable desires
would only result in chaos in education. 少数和多数 -------------------
52. \criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony.\
教育鼓励学生们提出问题和进行批判，这样做的结果无助于促进社会的和谐。
Encouraging students to question and criticize does not necessarily harm social harmony.
Social harmony hinges on mutual understanding among
members of the society, which is achieved through active communication rather than passive conformity.
The ability to challenge existing authorities and
paradigms requires intensive training through education.
Encouraging students to question and criticize helps
students not only to learn more productively but also
20