become qualified citizens that will be able to actively participate in social affairs. 教育问题
--------------
53. \all students, fully financed by the government.\
大学教育应该对所有学生免费，由政府来全额资助。 78. \interconnectedness of all human beings and thus help eliminate wars, cultural clashes, and other forms of conflict.\
学校应该被要求去教授存在于所有人之间的重要联系，这样做可以消灭战争、文化冲突和其他形式的纷争。
Human beings share many common interests and values,
Agree
Investment in education is always a wise choice for a
nation.
The amount of money needed by universities is only a
small percent of a nation’s Gross Domestic Product, and will surely be compensated by the graduates in the future through the way of income taxation. Proving all students with higher education puts them on
equal footing with each other when they enter
society—a precondition of equal opportunity for all members of society. 奖学金
----------------------
55. \quality of learning at all levels of education.\
追求高分严重的限制了教育各阶段的学习质量。
Competition among students for higher grades does not necessarily have a negative impact on the quality of learning.
Admittedly, if education aims solely at cramming
students for exams, the quality of learning will undoubtedly deteriorate.
However, examinations do help students review their
lessons and master what they have learned.
Furthermore, the psychological pressure that competition
exerts on students is not always harmful. 分数
--------------------------
67. \public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education.\
大学应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这也是为了保证每一个学生都能获得平衡而全面的教育。
Agree
Colleges today tend to isolate students from society. However, we should realize that participating in some
social activities may actually contribute to their academic work.
To train qualified citizens for society, colleges should
arrange for public-service activities to increase student’s sense of social responsibility. 少数和多数之社会实践和全面教育
-------------------------
the awareness of which would contribute to intercultural understanding and cooperation. Realizing the differences between different cultures
would help different peoples of the world
communicate with each other more effectively.
Considering the growing threat of cultural imperialism in
this information age, it might be more urgent for schools to give more emphasis on cultural differences.
分歧和统一
-------------------------
80. \the sciences, even if they have no interest in science.\
所有的学生都应该被要求去学习科学课程，即使他们对科学毫无兴趣。
Taking courses in the sciences benefits not only students in the sciences but also students in humanities.
The research methods in the sciences can be applied to
the studies of humanities.
Students of humanities and social sciences may bring
fresh and constructive perspectives and viewpoints to natural science classes.
Some knowledge of the sciences is a must for everyone
living in an age in which science and technology play a dominant role. 现实和理想之学习与兴趣 -------------------------
90. \subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.\
大学学生应该被鼓励去学习他们感兴趣的学科而不是那些容易找工作的学科。 Agree
Today’s parents attach too much importance to the job
prospects of their children’s education.
However, empirical evidence suggests that young people
are more likely to succeed in a career that interests them.
现实和理想之兴趣 -----------------------
94. \variety of courses outside the student's field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.\
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大学应该要求每一个学生在自己专业课外选修各种学科，因为获得各种学科的知识才是获得真正教育的最好途径。 Agree
True education amounts to far more than gaining the
knowledge and ability to excel in one’s major course
--------------------------------
102. \involves revising the ideas, beliefs, and values people held in the past.\
不论好坏，教育是一个修正人们过去所持有的理念、of study and in one’s professional career.
Becoming truly educated also requires sufficient mastery
of one academic area to permit a student to contribute meaningfully to society later in life.
Nevertheless, the call for a broad educational experience
as the path to becoming truly educated comes with one important caveat—in the pursuit of true
education students must be careful not to become a dilettante. 必修课和选修课 -----------------------
98. \on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater
relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past.\
大学应该开设更多关于流行音乐、电影、广告和电视的课程，因为当代文化比起过去的文学和艺术与学生们更加息息相关。
Agree with concession
Popular culture is a mirror of society’s impulses and
values.
Knowledge of popular films, music, and art enables a
person to find common ground to relate to other people, which leads to better communication between different subcultures.
Nevertheless, emphasizing the study of popular culture at
the expense of studying classical art and literature can carry harmful consequences for students, as well as for society.
过去和现在之流行课程 ------------------------------
100. \seriously limits the quality of learning. An educational environment without grades would promote more genuine intellectual development.\
在学校获得高分的压力严重得限制了学习的质量。一个没有分数的教育环境将会促进真正的智力发展。
Grade连续2次出现，这里不是学历、学位的意思，学历、学位应该是degree。 教育之分数
The speaker fails to see the positive effects of the pressure exerted by exams.
Admittedly, exams might exert some negative impact on
students.
However, competition for high grades among students
could motivate students to work hard.
Well-prepared exam questions could also help students review their lessons.
信仰和价值观的过程。
Education is far more involved than just revising people’s old ideas, beliefs and values.
Education often inputs, rather than revise, ideas and
values to people’s mind.
The ultimate purpose of education is to teach the young
generation how to confront the challenges of the present.
除旧取新的过程
-----------------------------
104. \
culture tries to perpetuate the ideas it favors and discredit the ideas it fears.\
如果一个文化想要它认为好的理念永世长存而摈弃它厌恶的理念，主要是通过正规的教育。
I agree with the speaker with respect to formal
grade-school and even high-school education, yet the degree to which our grade schools and high schools emphasize indoctrination should not be overstated.
Although the speaker’s assertion has some merit when it
comes to the education of young people, I find it erroneous when it comes to higher education. The speaker also ignores other means by which our
culture perpetuates ideas it favors and discredits ideas it fears. 教育问题
106. \course in ethics, even if taking the course means a decreased emphasis on academic subjects.\
所有的学生都应该被要求至少选修一门道德课，即使学这门课意味着会影响学术课程的学习。
Nowadays, people tend to attach less and less importance
to the inculcation of morality.
Knowledge of ethics provides students with a correct
view of life and career.
The goal of education is to help students grow not only
intellectually, but also ethically. 现实和道德
------------------------------
112. \development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.\
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一些教育体系强调学生逻辑推理思维能力的发展，但是那些教学生们探究自身情绪的教育对学生们才更有好处。
While I concede that in certain fields students are well served by nurturing their emotions and feelings, in most academic disciplines it is by cultivating intellect rather than emotions that students master their discipline and, in turn, gain a capacity to contribute to the well-being of society.
I agree with the speaker insofar as undue emphasis on
reason and logical thinking can have a chilling effect
Unless a child is allowed sufficient opportunities for
healthy interaction with peers, that child is likely to grow into an ineffectual, perhaps even an anti-social, adult.
However, socialization is only one factor influencing the
extent to which an individual will ultimately contribute to a better society.
Turning to the second claim, if we define a “better”
society as one characterized by greater tolerance of differing viewpoints and people who are different from ourselves, greater respect for individual rights, and greater cooperation across cultural and national boundaries, then the children of the most recent on the arts.
Aside from its utility in the arts, however, the
exploration of emotions has little place in educational systems.
Indeed, on a systemic scale undue emphasis on the exploration of our emotions can have deleterious societal consequences. Emotions invite irrationality in thought and action, the danger of which are all too evident in contemporary world history.
------------------------------
128. \to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.\
教育的目的据称是要解放思想和精神。然而实际上，正规的教育是要遏制我们的思维和精神而不是解放他们。
Some people might argue that the overwhelming
curriculum of schools would restrain our mind and spirit. However, if deficient in knowledge, absolute free mind will lead to total simplicity and naivety. Formal education plays a very important role in the
process of freeing the mind and spirit. Basic knowledge, which can only be attained through formal education, is the prerequisite for freeing people’s mind and spirit.
解放思想
------------------------------
130. \destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet
learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.\
现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个更好的社会。
The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. And the claim that we have not yet learned how to raise children who can better society is poorly supported by empirical evidence.
half-century are creating a better society. 下一代
----------------------------
132. \
different worlds----the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences.\
大学包括了三个不同的领域----科学、人文学科以及社会学科。因为每一个领域都根据自己的前提运转，每一个领域都有自己独特的思维习惯，所以在自然科学、人文科学和社会科学之间几乎是不存在有意义的交互的。
Disagree
Admittedly, the university community regards the three
different academic endeavors as separate realms. Actually, the three fields are intrinsically interrelated to
each other.
Combining the relevant methods used respectively in the
three fields will be of great help to our study and learning.
学科之间的关系
------------------------------
134. \mental agility and rhetorical skill must be accompanied by sincerity and the true conviction of their own beliefs.\
学生们应该被鼓励而意识到思维的敏捷和口齿的伶俐必须和真诚与坚持自己的信仰相伴随存在。
Our belief about what we are and what can be precisely
determine what we will be.
However, today’s education gives too much stress to
mental agility and rhetorical skills, which are
skin-deep compared to sincerity and true conviction of beliefs. 现实与道德
153. \
whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.\
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无论学生们学习什么都应该带着一定的疑问。学生们应该质疑老师教授的东西而不只是被动的接受。
Skepticism is perhaps most important in the physical
science. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention and discovery.
The value of skepticism is not limited to the physical
sciences, of course. (sociology, political science, law)
Even in the arts, students must challenge established
styles and forms rather than learn to imitate them; otherwise, no genuinely new art would ever emerge. Admittedly, undue skepticism might be
counterproductive in educating young children. 教育问题之学而好问 ------------------------------
154. \the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.\
父母和社会都必须参与到地方的学校中。教育太重要了以至于不能把教育完全交给一群职业教育者。
Educators, parents and communities can and should join efforts to create a healthy learning environment for children.
First of all, we should never look down upon the key role
that professional educators play in fostering the younger generation.
Meanwhile, both parents and communities can make
significant contribution to school education. Without a constructive family and community
environment, it would be almost impossible for school education to fulfill its noble mission. 教育之合作
191. \the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers.\
教育应该平衡的一方面丰富学生的个人生活，一方面把学生培养成训练有素的工作者。
In my view, preparing students for the mundane aspects of work should be secondary to providing a broader education that equips students with historical and
cultural perspective, as well as thoughtful and principled personal value systems and priorities.
One reason why educators should emphasize personal
enrichment over job preparation is that rote technical knowledge and skill do not help a student determine which goals in life are worthwhile and whether the means of attaining those goals are ethically or morally acceptable.
Another reason why educators should emphasize
personal enrichment over job preparation is that specific knowledge and skills needed for jobs are changing more and more quickly.
A third reason why educators should emphasized
personally enriching course work—particularly anthropology, sociology, history, and political philosophy—is that these courses help students
understand, appreciate and respect other people and their viewpoints. 现实和理想
-----------------------------
201. \purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas--not to prepare them for a specific job.\
教育的目的应该是给予学生一个价值体系，一个标准，一整套想法----而不是为一个具体工作培养他们。
By helping students develop a thoughtful, principled
value system educators actually help prepare students for jobs.
Another reason for my viewpoint lies in the fact that
technology-driven industries account for an ever-increasing portion of our jobs.
Besides helping students develop their own thoughtful
value systems, educators should instill in students certain basic values upon which any democratic society depends; otherwise, our freedom to choose our own jobs and careers might not survive in the long term.
Admittedly, values and behavioral standards specific to
certain religions are best left to parents and churches.
213. \for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others--that is, the ability to achieve social harmony--should be a major goal in every school.\
人们过于重视了学生们挑战他人主张的要求。实际上，达成社会和谐的能力，比如容让和协作能力，应该成为每一所学校的主要目标。
Encouraging students to think critically does not
necessarily conflict with our pursuit of social harmony. Critical thinking is key to students both academically and
politically.
It is necessary for students to criticize the views of each
other in their studies, which does not necessarily lead to conflicts among them.
Compromising is harmful in academic pursuits.
---------------------------
214. \special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped.\
社会应该发现那些具有特殊天赋和能力的孩子，并且在年幼的时候就开始训练他们以便于这些孩子最终可以在他们擅长的领域中出类拔萃。否则这些天才就可能会止步不前。
At first blush the statement appears compelling. I agree
with the statement insofar as any society that values
24
its own future well-being must be attentive to its children’s talents.
Beyond this concession, however, I disagree with the
statement because it seems to recommend that certain children receive special attention at the
expense of other children—a recommendation that I find troubling.
---------------------------
222. \As for ignoring negative actions, I agree that minor
peccadilloes can, and in many cases should, be overlooked.
At the same time, some measure of constructive criticism
and critique, and sometimes even punishment, is appropriate.
赞扬和批评
------------------------
230. \Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals.\
孤立的教育已经是过时的想法了。现在的教育应该作用于更高的目的并且由清晰的目标来指引。
While education must serve clear purpose, “learning for learning’s sake” is not necessarily out-dated. The primary purpose of education is to cultivate
qualified citizens and builders of a democratic society.
Another purpose of education is to train creative workers
who can fill in all the occupations of society. The idea of “learning for learning’s sake” does not
necessarily conflict with education’s pursuit of the above purposes. 反理想与现实之教育
-------------------------
223. \little to do with school or college.\
教育主要是个人的私事，和中小学或者大学基本上没什么关系。
Education is not a personal matter in a large sense, and it certainly has a lot to do with school or college.
It is not difficult to understand that education directly
benefits the individual receiver of education.
Furthermore, the education of an individual concerns the
interests of the whole society.
With the dramatic increase in knowledge today, it is
impossible to educate oneself without the involvement of school or college. 少数和多数
-------------------------
228. \employer, or parent--is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.\
无论是作为教育者、雇主或者是父母，教育最好的方法就是赞扬积极的行为而无视消极的行为。
The statement overlooks circumstances under which praise might be inappropriate, as well as ignoring the beneficial value of constructive criticism, and sometimes even punishment.
The recommendation that parents, teachers and
employers praise positive actions is generally good advice.
While recommending praise for positive actions is
fundamentally sound advice, this advice should carry with it certain caveats.
follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction.\
大学学生和普通大众宁愿听从指示而不愿意自己做决定。因此，大学应该尽可能为学生减少选择以便于为学生们提供一个明确的方向。
As for the speaker’s threshold claim, I concede that
under certain circumstances people prefer to take direction from others.
When it comes to particular tasks in which college
professors are more experienced and knowledgeable, following their directions is to be preferred, for failing to do so can result in costly mistakes.
However, when it comes to decisions about major and
minor fields of study, curriculum choices, and other broad decisions, for the most part students
themselves—and not college administrators—should be the final decision-makers. 精英和大众之选择权 ---------------------------
232. \academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns.\
教育的目的应该是要创造出一个隔离于外界的学术环境。这样的环境最理想因为这样可以使学生们不受功利的干扰而专注于重要的理念。
It is near-sighted to isolate students from the outside world.
A common misconception about education is that the
so-called “important ideas” students learn at schools have nothing to do with the practical world. Actually, students’ knowledge of the outside world
contributions to their academic studies.
Furthermore, the ultimate purpose of education is to train
workers and citizens who can adapt themselves to and make contributions to the society outside the campus. 理想和现实
第四类 科技
7. \convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.\
25