The knowledge to be gained from books is important in
that it transcends the limitation of personal experience both in time and in space.
However, there is high likelihood that book knowledge
may not apply to the particular situation one faces here and now.
Therefore, it is always necessary to test the knowledge
gained from books through practice. 直接经验和间接经验 ------------------------------
59. \Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.\
人们在榜样上投入了太多的注意力。与其模仿别人，还不如学习独立思考和做出最适合自己的选择。 Disagree
Children need role models to help them develop their
personality and character.
In addition, role models in the workplace contribute to
the forming and maintaining of corporate culture. Finally, independent thinking and action does not
necessarily ensure the best choices.
模式化和独立思考 ------------------------------
73. \imagination is more important than knowledge.\
在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。
Without imagination, one can hardly succeed in any field.
Imagination in business is the ability to perceive
opportunity.
In science, imagination leads to invention and
discoveries.
Without imagination, there would be no art. 想象力和知识
------------------------------
92. \as important to recognize the limits of our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information.\
在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。
On the one hand, the speaker’s assertion accords with the
everyday experience of working professionals. Moreover, additional knowledge we gain by collecting
more information often diminishes—sometimes to the point where marginal gains turn to marginal losses.
On the other hand, the speaker’s assertion seems
self-contradictory, for how can we know the limits of our knowledge until we’ve thoroughly tested those limits through exhaustive empirical
observation—that is, by acquiring facts and information.
自我批评
------------------------------
117. \is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience.\
从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富，范围更加广阔。
Knowledge gained from books is broader but not
necessarily richer than what can be learned from direct experience.
Systematically arranged, knowledge gained from books,
the results of countless other people’s direct
experiences, is broader than what one can learn from his or her direct experience.
However, direct experience, though limited by time and
space, provides on with an opportunity to gain a more accurate and vivid understanding of a matter. The best way to learn is to put what we gain from books
into practice.
直接经验和间接经验 ------------------------------
122. \who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed.\
我们所掌握的知识差不多都是源于持不同意见者而非意见相同者。
统一和分歧之知识 ------------------------------
138. \progress.\
失败是成功之母 Agree
To begin with, the contention accords with our everyday
experience as humans from early childhood through adulthood.
This same principle also applies on a societal level.
Consider, however, how we progress in our scientific knowledge.
The value of trial-and-error is not limited to the sciences.
In government and politics, progress usually comes about through dissension and challenge—that is, when people point out the mistake of those in power. ------------------------------
164. \than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes.\
有时候想象力是比经验更有价值的财富。缺少经验的人得以自由的想象任何可能性，并且由此可以达成一个目标而不受既定习惯和态度的限制。
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I fundamentally agree with the speaker’s assertion; however, as the speaker implies, it is impossible not to overstate the comparative value of imagination.
One need only observe young children as they go about
their daily lives to appreciate the role that pure imagination can play as an aid to accomplishing tasks.
The speaker’s contention also finds ample empirical
support in certain forms of artistic accomplishment and scientific invention.
Of course, there are many notable exceptions to the rule
that imagination unfettered by experience breeds remarkable insights and accomplishments. On the other hand, it is important not to take this
assertion about artistic and scientific accomplishment too far. 想象力和经验
------------------------------
177. \we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.\
对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
Through the earnest pursuit of knowledge—particularly
in history and literature—we reveal to ourselves the flaws and foibles of other humans whose lives we study and read about.
Through education we begin to see flaws not only in
people but also in ideologies that we had previously embraced on pure faith.
While education helps us see the flawed nature of our
previously cherished ideas, paradoxically it also helps us see ideas we previously rejected out of hand in a different light—as having some merit after all. Education in the arts alters forever the way we perceive
the aesthetic world around us.
知识对于人类的影响 ------------------------------
179. \not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open--but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything.\
大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考----但是大多数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。
Only after we have gained real knowledge can we be
competent for a better comprehension of the world. People’s unremitting pursuit of knowledge is not for the
sake of knowledge, but largely for the sake of their settled life goals and acquiring a degree of certainty about their goals.
独立思考
------------------------------
180. \solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated.\
现代社会的很多问题是法律和立法系统无法解决的，因为道德行为是无法用法律约束的。
I agree with this assertion insofar as it relates to
constraints on certain personal freedoms. However, when it comes to the conduct of business, I think that moral behavior not only can but must be legislated for the purpose of alleviating societal problems.
Morality laws that impinge upon freedom of choice
about our personal lives—to control what we do with and to ourselves—simply do not work in a democratic society.
Morality laws impinging on personal freedoms are not
made any more useful or effective by purporting to serve the greater good of society, because on balance their costs far outweigh their benefits.
In sharp contrast to personal behavior, the behavior of
businesses can and must be controlled through legislation. 道德和法律
------------------------------
181. \
materials they work with in their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different
interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things.\
学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化（因人而异）而非一种培训（模式化）。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。
Disagree: The key factor in their interpretation is a person’s training and educational background, rather than personality.
Assuming that by personality the speaker embraces such
personal attributes as individual temperament,
disposition and general mood, and outlook, it seems to me that personality has little bearing on how students and scholars interpret the materials with which they work.
In sharp contrast, one’s educational background and
training can serve as a strong influence on how one interprets historical events involving human affairs, statistical data, and especially art.
Educational training and background also affects how
students and scholars interpret seemingly objective statistical data.
Finally, when it comes to how students and scholars
interpret art, training and educational background play an especially significant role. 个体和整体之学术方法论
32
------------------------------
183. \become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious.\
随着我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。
As our knowledge of the world accumulates, we arrive at ------------------------------
217. \scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made.\
为了创作出成功的原创著作，学者和科学家们必须研究别人的著作以了解这些著作仍然保持着哪些贡献。
Naturally, to make new contributions in any field of study, scholars and scientists should first master the a higher stage of civilization although the world may appear more complex and more mysterious.
The world in the eyes of primitive tribes was much
simpler and thus more “comprehensible” in a sense and certainly more backward.
If we compare the known part of the world to the space
within a circle, the unknown part of the world around the circle grows as the circle of our knowledge expands.
There is no need to feel frustrated about the increasingly
more complex and more mysterious world that we confront because our knowledge in total keeps growing and correspondingly we are becoming better equipped to cope with the problems that emerge.
------------------------------
200. \and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others.\
Elusive: Abstruse, hard to comprehend
Self-knowledge: knowledge or understandings of one??s own capabilities, character, feelings, or motivations Solitude: alone, seclusion
最艰深难懂的学问都是自知之明的，这些学问通常都是独立发展起来的而不是通过和其他人的交流。
Both solitude and interaction with others contributes to self-knowledge.
To lead a happy life, the first thing is to know ourselves.
“An unexamined life is not worth living.”
One way to know ourselves is to examine ourselves
alone.
However, interaction with others can also help us see
more clearly who we are. 少数和多数之自知之明的学问
204. \theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all.\ 我们通过直接经验来学习，如果没有通过体验来接受一个理论就等于根本没学。
Disagree
Even though experience is a most lively and vivid way
that we learn things, it is by no means the only way. Admittedly, by putting a theory into practice, we can
either improve it or prove its truth.
However, there is no need for us to experience every
theory before accepting and benefiting from it. 直接经验和间接经验
existing work done by their fellow scholars and scientists.
No one can produce any original work without first
assimilating the contributions of former generations in his or her field.
The defects of the work of other scholars and scientists
are where we can possibly make our contributions. In a large sense, what is called “original” work is usually
but an improvement on the work done by previous scholars and scientist.
他山之石可以攻玉，科学是承前继后的过程 -----------------------------
229. \study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole.\
学习一门新学科或者新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就试图去从整体来把握。
To learn a new subject, one should start by developing a sense of the whole rather than focusing on segments or details.
A sense of the whole subject enables us to identify the
specific areas where we can make original contributions.
A sense of the whole subject provides necessary
background knowledge for any in-depth exploration into particular areas of that subject.
Studying small segments or details in great depth would
in turn contribute to our understanding of the whole subject.
整体和局部的关系 ------------------------------
第六类 政治
8. \leaders to withhold information from the public.\
对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息通常是必要的，甚至有益的。
Agree
In order to gain the opportunity for effective public
leadership, a would-be leader must first gain and maintain political power. In the game of politics, complete forthrightness is a sign of vulnerability and naiveté, neither of which earn a politician respect among his or her opponents.
33
Fully disclosing to the public certain types of
information would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security.
Nevertheless, legitimate political leadership indeed
requires forthrightness with the citizenry as to the leader’s motives and agenda.
少数和多数的关系之true lies, the truth is out there. ------------------------------
24. \
when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that 45. \judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve.\
政府官员应该依靠自己的判断而不是不管三七二十一的遵从人民的意愿。
Disagree
Admittedly, it is hard to get a good rapport of all the
people.
However, in a democratic society, government is elected
by the people, and therefore should take the power.\
当掌握权力的人们试图小心而节制的使用权力时，他们是最有效率的。
People without caution and restraint tend to abuse the
power granted to them.
Caution and restraint help people have better
understanding and make better use of the power. Leaders should not be tied up by too much caution and
restraint. 过犹不及
------------------------------
43. \maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.\
一个公仆如果想成为一位杰出的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。
In the business realm, successful leadership is generally
defined as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization for a firm’s shareholders or other owners.
In the political realm the issue is no less complex.
Definition of successful political leadership and of ethical or moral leadership are tied up in the means a leader uses to wield his or her power and to obtain that power in the first place.
Personal morality is unrelated to effective political
leadership. However, public morality and successful leadership are more closely connected. 政治家题目
------------------------------
44. \whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear.\
政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。 Disagree
Financial support is to the uncertain scientific research
what steam is to locomotive.
The consequences of uncertain researches may turn out
to be as substantial as those with clear perspectives. Admittedly, there are some dangers or wastes when the
result of a scientific research is unclear. 政府和科研
------------------------------
responsibility to serve for the people and realize their will.
Without the support of the people, government is bound
to perish.
少数和多数，政府 ------------------------------
56. \immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.\
政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。
Whether solving the immediate problems of today is more important than solving the anticipated problems of the future depends on the nature of the problems to be solved.
To win the favor of the general public, governments
throughout the world tend to focus on solving the immediate problems of today.
However, a government’s failing to prepare for future
challenges will cause disasters to its country in the long run.
Furthermore, a government should always take into
consideration the possible future effects of the actions it takes today.
时间之当务之急和百年大计 ------------------------------
79. \politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.\
主要的决策权应该全部交给政治家和其他的政府专家，他们更加见多识广并且比一般的老百姓具有更好的判断能力和洞察力。
The title statement goes against the basic tenets of modern democracy.
In some cases, politicians and other government experts
might be more informed and have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.
However, there is no guarantee that the politicians and
experts would always put the interest of the public before their own selfish interests.
Furthermore, empirical evidence also indicates that
politicians and government experts do make grave mistakes that harm the interests of the public.
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少数和多数之决策权 ------------------------------
83. \
wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.\
政府应该保留国家领土中公共拥有的荒凉地区，即使这些地区往往人迹罕至。
When our environment is under growing threat from human civilization, government should take action to preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state.
Even a few people could cause serious damage to a
remote wilderness area.
The destruction of even a remote wildness area could
result in unforeseeable effects on the larger environment.
Without government’s protection, even the remotest
wildness area will finally disappear. 政府之领土
------------------------------
85. \integrity of the arts.\
政府资助艺术会威胁到艺术的完整性。
In spite of the harm that government funding might do to the integrity of the arts, government support is still necessary for the flourishing of the arts.
Admittedly, government funding might directly or
indirectly influence artists’ decisions and choices. However, history has demonstrated that government
support could also contribute to the prosperity of arts.
Furthermore, when money has come to dominate
contemporary society, it is all the more imperative for government to fund arts. 政府之艺术
------------------------------
97. \activities affect all aspects of people's lives.\
尽管很不幸，但是这却是真实存在的事实，政治决策和活动影响着人们生活的方方面面。
Throughout the civilization history of humanity,
politicians have long been in control of the affairs of society.
Actually, as the society becomes more and more
commercialized, politics is playing a more important role in influencing various aspects of people’s lives. The influence from politicians are not necessarily an
unfortunate thing. 政治和生活
------------------------------
105. \by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from it's own citizens.\
一个国家真正的力量可以最好体现在他的政府愿意容忍来自于自己国民的挑战。
In the long run, political tolerance adds to the strength of a country.
Democratic governments tend to be more tolerant than
authoritarian ones.
A government that tolerates challenges from its citizens
has more opportunity to improve its performance. The real strength of a country lies in the dynamic and
interactive relationship between the government and its people.
精英和大众之开明政府 ------------------------------
108. \television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-trials, debates, meetings, etc??that are televised, the more society will benefit.\
在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。观察这些过程有助于人们了解那些影响他们生活的决策。可以供转播的政府运作(审判、辩论、会议等等)越多，对社会的好处就越多。
On the one hand, access to government proceedings via
television carries several significant benefits. First, videotapes are valuable supplements to conventional means of record keeping. Secondly, this sort of exposure provides the viewer a valuable sense of perspective, an appreciation for other forms of government, and so forth. Thirdly, in high schools and universities, television proceedings can be useful curriculum supplements for students of government, public policy, and even public speaking.
On the other hand, people cannot ignore the risks
imposed by more and more televised government proceedings. Watching televised proceedings as a substitute for active participation in the political process can, on a mass scale, undermine the
democratic process by way of its chilling effect on participation.
政府和大众之电子政府 ------------------------------
123. \very short time of meeting him or her. Everything about people-their clothes, their friends, the way they talk, what they eat-reflects their political beliefs.\
通过和一个人短时间的接触来了解它的政治信仰是有可能的。和人们有关的一切--人们穿什么样的衣服、
35