英语高考常考知识点总结:单项选择(2)

2019-04-04 22:55

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If time permits, we’ll go fishing together.如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。

如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如:

If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来,你就会见到那位著名的教授了。(隐含的事实是:你昨天没来,也没见到那位著名教授)。

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,现将其形式列表如下: 1.虚拟语气现在时,表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。 条件从句 主句

动词过去式(be用 were) Would/should/could/might + 动词原形

If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你)

If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)

2. 语气过去式 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。 条件从句 主句

Had +过去分词 Would/should/could/might + have+过去分词 If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)

3. 虚拟语气过去式 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果 条件从句 主句 should+动词原形

were to+动词原形 would(could/should/might)+动词原形

Would/should/could/might +动词原形

If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。 注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,were to + 动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。如:

If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.

★★条件从句中省去if的情况

在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,常可以省略if,将had, were或should提至句首。如:

Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影,昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。

Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟,我就能自由翱翔。

Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话,农民们就能有个好收成了。

4.主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句)

有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作,发生的时间不一致,这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:

If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话,现在就能完成这份工作了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在。) If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你,我就去参加她的生日晚会了。(从句说明现在,主句说明过去。)

If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我, 我不可能买下这幢新房,

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很可能现在还住在危房里。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在。)

5.含蓄条件句

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况; Eg.

W hat would I have done without you? 如没有你,我会怎么办呢?(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)

But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help)

He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or/otherwise he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马,否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)

二、虚拟语气某些从句中的运用! 1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。

在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that?”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。如:

It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。

(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。

a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如:

I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)

b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用 had+过去分词。如:

I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经 浪费掉了。) c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为 “would/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。

(2)在suggest(建议), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建议), insist(坚持要做), command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如:

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。

★★ 当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较:

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。

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He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。 3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。

当主语为advice, suggestion, order, proposal等词时后接表语从句,表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某人建议、劝告、命令等的内如:

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 4.特殊的虚拟语气结构。 (1)虚拟语气用在状语从句中

由as if 或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气。 (用法与wish相同)

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。 (2)在It is time (that)从句中,谓动词常用动词过去式或should+动词原形 表示虚拟语气 (3)I’d rather (that)?句型中从句中虚拟语气, Eg.

I would rather you did it now.

I would rather you did it tomorrow.

I would rather you had done it yesterday.

5. 用在if only 引起的感叹句中 (用法与wish相同) If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!

6.在由 for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用should+动词原形 考点九:情态动词 1.情态动词的基本用法

(1)can、be able to 和could

①can和be able to都表示能力,意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时,而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时,通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to,表示经过一番努力,终于能够完成某事。如: Can you use chopsticks?

The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the end.

②can和could

can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法,一般用could,回答时则用can。如: Could you help me carry the bag? Can I help you?

(2)may/might

①may/might表示可能,但may比might可能性大。 Eg.---Why isn’t he in class?

---- He may be sick.(生病的可能性较大)

—--- He might be sick.(生病的可能性较小)

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②may/might表示“允许”,may用于现在时或将来时,might常用在间接引语中表过去时,但might也可用于现在时间,表示比较委婉的语气,回答用may。如: He says we may leave. He said we might leave.

③may / might 表示建议或请求,但might比may 更客气,意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。 —May / Might I use your bike? —Yes, you can / may. ----No, you mustn’t (3)must

①must表示必须,应该,没有时态变化。如: You must do everything as I do. ②must表示肯定的推测。如:

The light is still on, so he must be at home. ③mustn’t 表示禁止做某事。如: You mustn’t smoke in the office. (4)have to

have to 表示“必须、不得不”,是由于某种外界(客观)原因而“必须”,“不得不”做某事,也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做。have to的否定形式表示不必。have to可用于多种时态中。如:

You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army. I have to be at my office every evening.

(5)should / ought to

①should和ought to表示应当、应该,前者比后者语气轻。如: You should / ought to work hard.

②should / ought to的否定形式表示禁止之意。如:

Children shouldn’t smoke.

③should可表示陈述意见,推出建议或请求;而ought to可以表示劝告之意。如: You ought to respect your parents.

He suggested that they should leave at once.

④should 可以用来表示说话者“吃惊”的语气, 常翻译成“竟然”。 You can’t imagine such a well-dressed man should be so rude to a lady. (6)will / would

①will 用于各种人称表示“意志”、“意愿”或“决心”等,否定式won’t + 动词。如: I will tell you all about it.

Tom won’t do such a thing.

②will用于疑问句中,常用在第二称时表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”如: Will you please tell her the news when you see her?

③will 表示习惯性的动作,有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。如: Fish will die out of water.

④would 表示客气的请求、建议或意愿。如: Would you please be quiet?

Would you like coffee?

⑤would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如:

When I passed my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.

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(7)need

need 作“必要”讲,既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。作实义动词时后面的动词不定式要带to,其变化与一般动词相同。如: I need to think it over.

---Need you go now? --—Yes, I must./No, I needn’t (8)dare

dare表示“敢”的意思。作为情态动词时,主要用在疑问句和否定句中。dare若作实义动词,后面可带to的不定式,此时to也可以省略。dare与need的用法相似。如: How dare you say that?

She doesn’t date(to)ask her father. (9)used to

used to表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的习惯,但现在已不复存在了。如: He used to smoke.

(10)shall

①shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,有“命令”、“警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。如: We shall do as our teacher says.

You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.

②在疑问句中,shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示,常用于第一、第三人称。如: Where shall he wait for us?

Shall we go out for a walk?

2、情态动词表示推测或判断的用法

下表即是表示推测的情态动词使用的场合:

情态动词 对现在和未来的推测 对过去的推测 使 用 场 合

must + 动词原形 must+ have done 肯定句

may / might + 动词原形 May / might+ have done 肯定句、否定句

can /could +do Can / could+have done 否定句、疑问名(could可用于肯定句)

should 用来表示一种估计的情况“按理会/估计会”should do/be should have done 肯定句、否定句、疑问句

例如:

It must have rained last night.

She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home. She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home. They should be there right now. 3、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法

情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩,用法如下:

(1)should have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”,而shouldn’t have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如: You should have told me about it earlier.

You shouldn’t have said such words to your parents.

(2)ought to have done也表示“本应该??”而ought not to have done则意为“本不应该??”。如:

You ought to have told me about it earlier.

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