Ⅲ. go to sleep 与get to sleep 意义相近,也是终止性动词。即:―入睡、睡着‖,强调进入梦乡的过程。―开始睡觉‖,即:being to sleep.如:
I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么时候睡着的。
Ⅳ. fall asleep意为―睡着‖表示一个动作的过程,侧重于―自然而然地入睡‖,有时也含有―不想入睡而入睡‖之意;be asleep―熟睡‖,强调睡眠的状态,该短语在句中作谓语。 Ⅴ. sleep 可动词和名词,表―睡着‖―睡眠‖,是可持续性的动词。 Ⅵ. asleep 是表语形容词,不能作定语 如: The children are all asleep. 孩子们都睡着了。 Are you asleep? 你睡着了吗? §206 good/ fine/ nice/ well
Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词,表―好的质量‖,―好的品质‖。等意思。如: Lucy is a good girl.
These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。
Ⅱ. fine 侧重于―质量的精细‖, ―身体健康‖,还可以表示―天气晴朗‖等。如: This is a fine house.
How are you? I’m fine, thank you.
It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。
Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的―好看、漂亮‖。取悦于人的感觉。也可指―(对人)友好和蔼‖如: It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错,但却不是一块好表。 It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。
They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。
Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得―好‖,修饰动词。也可作表语,指身体好。如: Well done! 干得好! I’m well. 我好了。 §207 grow/ increase
Ⅰ.作不及物动词,两者有相同的含意―增长‖。如:
The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越来快。 Ⅱ.grow还有―生长,发育‖的意思。如: The rice is growing fine. 水稻长势不错。 Ⅲ.作及物动词,用法各异。 grow种植,栽 如:
Wheat is grown in north of China. 中国北方种植小麦。 increase增加、增长 如:
They are working hard to increase production. 他们正在努力工作以增加产量。 Ⅳ.increase可作名词,意为―增加、增长‖。如:
①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中国我们正在尽全力降低人口数量的增长。
§208 hand in/ turn in
Ⅰ. hand in ―传递、交给‖。指交作业等。如:
The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老师要他们交作业本。
Ⅱ. turn in ―上交、交出‖。指将某物归公。或交给上级或组织以便找到失主。一般也可与hand in 互换。如: You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。
You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。 §209 hands up/ put up one's hand
Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语,相当于Put up your arms over your head! ―举起手来!‖如:
① ―Hands up, or I’ll shoot.‖ The policeman demanded the robber. ―举起手来,不然我开枪了。‖警察命令抢劫犯。 Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如:
Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案?请举手。 Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。 §210 happen/ take place/ occur 都有―发生‖之意
Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语,应用广泛,指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即:―(某人)发生了什么事——happen to sb‖,或 ―(某物)发生了什么情况——happen to sth‖。其主语通常由 accident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示―碰巧发生某事,——happen to do sth.‖如: What has happened? 发生什么事了?––– What happened to you? 你发生什么事了?
It happened through your negligence. 这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。 He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。
I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。
Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事,无偶然之意。其主语常是表:―运动、活动、会议等‖的名词。如: The Olympic Games take place every four years. 奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。 The May 4th Movement took place in 1919. 五四运动发生于一九一九年。
Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来,我国发生了巨大的变化。 Ⅲ. occur[?`k?:] 常与happen 通用。但,是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。 When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么时候发生的? Don’t let the mistake occur again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。 §211 hare/ rabbit
Ⅰ. hare ―野兔‖比rabbit大,不打洞栖身。如: That is a hare. 那是只野兔。
Ⅱ. rabbit 指―野兔‖时,比hare小,不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如 I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。
He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。 §212 harm/ hurt
Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有―伤害‖之意,但二者有区别:
harm 用面较广,往往暗示―不良的后果‖, 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。
hurt 往往暗示―肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快‖其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词,所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。
① The nose of machines harmed their hearing. 机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。
② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。 §213 have been to / have been in / have gone to
Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:―曾经到过某处‖但目前人未在那儿。如:
Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了?(现在已回来)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(现不在北京) I have never been there before, have I? 我以前从未去过那儿,是吗?
Ⅱ. have been in 表示:―去了某地,并曾在那儿(一段时间),或现在仍在那儿。 She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks.
Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:―去了‖指人已经走了,(至少目前不在说话的地点,在去的途中或已经到目的地)。如:
Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school. 凯特不在家,她上学去了。(在路上或已经在学校了)。 She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿,她去南京了。
§214 have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep Ⅰ. have sth done ―让某事被做‖如:
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要去理发。(让别人理)。 Ⅱ. have sh done。―让某人被……‖如:
He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(让别人打) Ⅲ. have sb do sth. ―让某人做某事‖如:
I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV. 我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。 Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing ―让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如: Don’t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生們学习。
They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。 Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词,如:
The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。 Have her here! 让她到这儿来。 §215 have to / must
Ⅰ. have to ―必须‖往往着重于客观的需要,含有不得不的意味。如: Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗?
It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。 Ⅱ. must ―必须 ‖往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。如: We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 We must go. 我必须去。 §216 have/ own
Ⅰ. have ―有‖表人与物/人,物与物之间存在的―所有;所属‖的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如: I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。 Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗?
Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合,强调―(合法地)拥有‖某物的所有权,主语一定是该物的主人。如:
I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。 Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的? §217 head/ brains
Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的,有形的―头‖。如: Don’t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。 Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,无形的―脑力、智力‖。
[注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。 §218 hear/ hear of/ hear from
Ⅰ. hear ―听见‖指听力,强调听的结果。如: I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.
Ⅱ. hear of ―听说‖强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of,意义无多大的区别。如: We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息,我们都很高兴。 Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗? Ⅲ. hear from ―接到……的来信(电话等)‖如: Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。
We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后,我们一直没有收到他的来信。 §219 hear/ listen
Ⅰ. hear ―听到‖强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如: Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗?
I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音,但并不用心去听她说的是什么。
Ⅱ. listen ―听‖强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如: Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?
We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也没听到。 §220 heaven/ sky
Ⅰ. heaven ―天、天国、天堂‖与earth和 hell(地狱)相对。在文学语言中,它也可以指天空,常用算数形式。如:
The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。
He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。 Ⅱ. sky ―天、天空‖,一般用作单数。但在文学语言中,有时也用算数形式(skies).如: There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。
Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies. 为有牺牲多斗志,敢教日月换新天。 (毛泽东) §221 high/ tall
Ⅰ. high ―高(的)‖,普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高,或指所处位置较高。如:
That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。 He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。
Ⅱ. tall ―高的‖,常与short相对,也指同类中较高的,尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。当指物时,往往可与high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如: She is rather tall. 她相当高。
We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。 §222 hill/ mountain
Ⅰ. hill ―小山‖通常比mountain 小。如: I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。
The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。 Ⅱ. mountain ―高山‖,比hill大。如:
We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。 He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。 §223 help with / help…with.
Ⅰ. help with ―帮助‖后面直接跟名词。如:
Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。
The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。 Ⅱ. help …with. ―帮助某人做某事‖即help st with sth. 如: May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗?
My father used to help me with my lessons. 父亲过去常常帮助我做功课。 §224 human being/ man / person/ people
Ⅰ. human being ―人类‖,可数名词,算数为human beings. 意义较具体,以区别于动物、鬼神之类。如: There were no sight of human beings on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes. 那个岛上虽然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但没有人居住过的痕迹。 Ⅱ. man ―人类‖,单数或复数均可。其前不用限定词。如:
Man must make the earth support more people. 人类必须使地球养活更多的人。 Ⅲ. person. ―人‖着重指个别而言。与animal相对。指男,女,老,少均可。如: There are only three persons in the room. 房间里只有三个人。
Ⅳ. people ―人‖是集合名词。与enemy相对,有较强的感情色彩。指普通人时,可与person代换。其复数形式为―民族‖之意。如:
Most people think so 大多数人这样想。
There are more than 50 peoples in our country. 我国有50多个民族。 §225 hanged / hung
这两个词都是hang的过去分词。
Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作―上吊;绞死‖时的过去时和过去分词。 The murderer was hanged this morning. 那个杀人犯今天上午被绞死。 He hanged himself from a beam in the attic. 他在阁楼上悬梁自尽了。 Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作―悬挂;下垂‖等 意思时过去时和过去分词。如:
She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree. 她把圣诞节的装饰品挂在树上。 He hung his head in shame. 他羞耻得垂下脑袋。