汉 英 对 比 与 翻 译
CHINESE-ENGLISH COMPARISON AND TRANSLATION
授课教师: 叶红卫
hardyyhw@163.com
目 录
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（一） 英汉对比 .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
（二） 谴词用字 .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
（三） 增词减词 .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
（四） 标识翻译 ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
（五） 词性转换 ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
（六） 正反褒贬 ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
（七） 直译意译 ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
（八） 被动主动 ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
（九） 定语从句 ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
（十） 成语翻译 ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
（十一） 主语翻译 .................................................................................................................................................... 26
（十二）简历翻译 ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
（十三） 长句翻译（英汉） ..................................................................................................................................... 31
（十四） 长句翻译（汉英） ..................................................................................................................................... 32
（十五） 补充练习（汉英） ..................................................................................................................................... 33
（十六） 补充练习（英汉） ..................................................................................................................................... 35
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（一） 英汉对比
一、英汉差异 （1）字词层面 （2）句子层面 （3）文化层面
But sometimes players have to realize that this is kind of a dog- eat-dog league.（NBA）
二、形合VS意合
例1.Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware what crime he had committed. 译文：
例2.The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 译文：
例3.他不来，我不去？ 译文： 例4.他不老实，我不信任他。 译文： 例5.人有脸，树有皮。 译文： 例6.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 译文： ●译家之言
For Chinese and English, perhaps one of the most important linguistic distinctions is the contrast between the hypotaxis and parataxis. （Eugene Nida）
（1）形合：语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。英语注重形式（形合），因此句子之间大量使用各种关系词（when, which, whose, why, where, how, what）和连接词（and, but, or, as well as, so…that, unless, not only…but also）等等。 英语重行合：准确、具体、写实、逻辑性强
（2）意合：句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。汉语注重意合，不大喜欢用没有实际意义的虚词，只是把事情和意思连接起来，词句之间的关系在不言之中。
汉语重意合：模糊、含蓄、写意，关系微妙，只可意会不可传。
中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走，而西方的文化是向准确而具体的方向走。（杨振宁） 例7.远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊。 译文：__________ look afar, the mountains are green and clear, _______ no sound of stream is heard _____you listen near. The flowers remain in full bloom _______ spring?s away, A human being approaches, _____ the bird doesn?t fray.
三．英汉互译
英译汉：对于英语中的连词和关系词要融合到汉语句子中，变显性为隐性。 例8：1. While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns. 译文：
例9.If you confer a benefit，never remember it；if you receive one，remember it always.
译文： 例10：What matters if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade（封锁） us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all China?s problems will have been solved.
译文：
例11： We should have more of the three kinds of foreign-invested ventures. There is no reason to be afraid of
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them. So long as we keep level-headed, there is no cause for alarm. 译文：
汉译英：对于句子间的逻辑关系，采取由隐形变显形的策略，要用适当的连接词或关系词将汉语所隐含的逻辑关系明示出来。（竹竿→葡萄）
例12.天太冷，河水都结冰了。译文：
例13.人不犯我，我不犯人。 译文： 例14.有位英国人，他六十岁，既不会说中文，也不了解中国，有一次来到中国旅游…
五．小试身手
1. A few of the pictures are worth mentioning both for their technical excellence and interesting content.
2. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
3. 跑得了和尚跑不了庙。
4. 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他帮忙照看行李。
六．翻译练习（20ms）
The automobile has brought many changes in American life-for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile.
Heavy use of the nation?s highways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, including outdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from their automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as “motels”. Motels are usually located on main roads near cities and at seaside and other resort areas. They are made up of a series of bedroom-and-bath units and nearby parking spaces. Many of its units are equipped with television and air-conditioning. The number of motels has grown so rapidly in recent years that their total annual income has surpassed that of American hotels.
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（二） 谴词用字
一．词本无义
遣词用字是一种翻译技巧，也是译者最重要的基本功，在翻译的整个过程中都需要我们对译文的字词取舍作出正确的判断，形成通顺的文字。鲁迅先生在谈到翻译工作的甘苦时曾说过：我向来总以为翻译比创作容易，因为至少是无须构想。但到真的一译，就会遇到难关；比如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作的时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，一直弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。
Wittgenstein：The meaning of word is its use in the language.” Firth：Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”
林语堂：字是死的，有了上下文才是活的。依靠词典过了头也会出毛病。
二．一词多义 本义与引申义
Denotation: the most direct meaning of a word.
Connotation: figurative meanings and associated meanings. 英语转义：Storm
1. But his last words brought on another storm.. 2.His proposal was met by a storm of protest. 3. Her singing took New York by storm. 4. The soldiers stormed through the streets.
5. Their only hope of victory was to storm the enemy camp at night. 6. John stormed in the meeting waving a piece of paper about.. 7. We thought that their quarrel was just a storm in a teacup. 汉语转义：意思
我的意思是最好不要推迟开会的时间。 _________-, it?s better not to postpone the meeting. 她被夸得不好意思。She felt _________by so much praise.
他出卖朋友真不够意思。He was so ___________as to betray his friend. 让你久等了，真不好意思。I am ______ to have kept you waiting so long. 他说的话很有意思。What he said was very _________.
三．词义的确定
◆根据搭配确定词义:
a heavy box _________ a heavy rain _________ heavy clouds _________ heavy news _________ heavy line _________ heavy wine _________ a heavy sea _________ a heavy smoker _________heavy sleep _________ heavy traffic _________ a very heavy schedule_______________.
Heavily armed terrorists____________ She lost heavily at cards______________. ◆根据语境确定词义
We had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale.我们曾希望大规模_____旅游业。 Botanists have succeeded in developing many new plants.植物学家成功地________________. The photographer develops all his films.那位摄影师_________________________。 Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物________________。
I?d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point. 在讲下一点之前，_______________________________。
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