四．具体与抽象 ◆具体译具体
1. But when you've learned English, you'll find it a bridge to so much knowledge. 2. The invention of printing was a mile-stone in human progress. 3. If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemy's plans in the bud. 4. He bombarded her with questions.
5.中国是世界经济最活跃的地方只有，浦东是国际资本投资的热土。
6.负责财务的那个女人简直是个母老虎。
7.美国再也无力承担世界经济龙头的重任了。
◆化具体为抽象：
1.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the colonialists.
3.What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.
4.China joined the growing list of Asian nations turning their backs on American aircraft-makers.
5.坚持精神文明物质文明两手抓，两手都要硬。 We must_____________________________economic development on one hand and to ______________________________ on the other hand.
6.不要让孩子只知道“头悬梁，锥刺股，死读书，读死书。”
译文1：Don't make the children know nothing more than \reading\改译：
四．小试身手
delicate skin delicate china delicate upbringing delicate health
delicate vase delicate diplomatic question a critic?s delicate perception delicate sense of smell delicate food a delicate set of scales delicate difference
I admired your delicate handling of the situation.
We're conducting very delicate negotiations.
1).We insist that international trade should not be a one-way-street.
2). Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade
4).20世纪90年代以来，美国硅谷成了带动美国经济持续高速发展的发动机。
5). 银行在巩固了自己的住房贷款之后，又将目光瞄上了汽车市场。
With its role consolidated in the part of housing loans, these banks________________________.
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五.翻译练习（20ms）
Information and communications are central to modern society and organizations. One approach to understand the working environment is to consider an organization as a communications system. An organization that has open lines of communication with valid, honest information going up, down, and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place to work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive. When leadership attempts to keep workers in the dark, workers tend to become distrustful. This undermines their cooperation.
It is easy to understand the value and importance of open, honest communications and valid information. Yet, few organizations are able to function in this manner. In the long run, poor communication will undermine the entire organization. Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking. We must avoid these stupid, shortsighted traps and constantly strive for and open communications system with objective information.
（三） 增词减词
隐性（意合）和显性（形合）是汉英语法最大的，带根本性的差异。由于这一差异，就造成了英汉语翻译时的一个独特技巧：增译和减译问题。一个成熟的译者应该敢于在不损害原意的前提下，适当增译或减译，使译文更符合目的语表达习惯。潘文国：汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。 ●译家之言
汉译英可能会减掉某些东西，但绝对必须增加一些东西；英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西。(潘文国) 一．增词
英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加。 汉译英： 语法需要
1）困难终于克服了，大家都很高兴。 译文： 2) 早知道他有病，我就不会叫他来了。 译文：
3）知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。
_______ fight a hundred battles without defeat_______ know the enemy______yourself._____win one battle ______ lose one battle if you know yourself _________ leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. _________lose every battle ________ leave both the enemy_____ yourself in the dark.
4）交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 译文：
为了意义完整
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建国以来/抗战期间
5）幼读三百篇，不求甚解。继学师范，遂奠教书匠之基，及壮，糊口四方，教书为业。
▲英译汉 ：
1）If you think you are beaten, you are. 译文： 2).He wanted to learn, to know, and to teach.. 译文：
3）Reading exercises one's eyes; Speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's mind.
5）The had no wish to change the system itself, or if they did, through idealistic, utopian schemes.
6）.The leader of the department came to him to undertake the persuasion. 译文：
7). Most people in America, minority people in particular, are convinced that injustices exist in their economic system. 译文：
二．减词
与增词相反，翻译中的减词是为求译文文字简洁流畅，在译文中省去原文需要而译文多余的一些词语。 A horse is a useful animal.
Wash your hands before the meal Put your hat on your head.
He shrugged his shoulders, and shook his head, but said nothing. ●译家之言
既然见when就‘当’，五步一当，十步一当，当当之声，遂不绝于耳了。?尤其是这样一句：?当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着玛丽〃布朗的名字的旧钓鱼竿的时候……?，他讥讽道：?两头远得简直要害相思。 英译汉：
1) Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.
2) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound. 译文：
▲汉译英 省去范畴词
落后状态； 自满情绪； 疯狂行为； 紧张态势； 研究活动； 3）大会准备工作在继续进行。 译文：
4).多年来，该国存在严重的失业现象。 译文：
5）一些地区的紧张态势依然存在。 译文：
6）完善社会主义市场经济体制、加强党的执政能力建设。
省略汉语重复的词
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7) 我们公司生产的地毯美丽大方、光彩夺目、富丽堂皇、魅力无穷。
8) 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来了新的机遇，也带来了新的挑战。（02-9） 译文:
三．小试身手 1). 1). The classical virtues of grace, harmony, and economy of both means and ends are lost on most Americans.
2). The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees－then seizes－markets worldwide.
3）She was a tireless activist for racial and sexual equality. She was complex. Her main massage was and is，“We?re like everybody else. And it?s OK to be ourselves（the blind）.” （99/9） 译文：
4) 燕子去了, 有再来的时候；杨柳枯了, 有再青春的时候；桃花谢了, 有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我, 我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?
5）建行上海分行推出了十大优惠举措，欲在外资非金融机构染指汽车贷款之前，做大自己的汽车贷款。
四．翻译练习（25ms）
If there?s a threat of dangerous deflation—a general fall in prices—the causes lie as much in Europe and Japan as in the United States. The inevitable collapse of America?s speculative boom need not have been especially damaging if the world?s other advanced economies were healthy. Their expanding appetite for imports would have bolstered the United States and so-called emerging market countries, from Brazil to South Korea. The trouble is that other advanced economies aren?t healthy.
Deflation could emerge from simultaneous slumps in the world?s three major economies. Prices drop because there?s too little global demand chasing too much global supply—everything from steel to shoes. Japan?s ills are well known its banks are awash in bad loans. Less understood (at least in the United States) is the fact the Europe?s troubles stem significantly from Germany. Germany is Europe?s “sick man”, just as Japan is Asia?s. Only 15 years ago, these countries seemed poised to assume leadership of the world economy. Now they are dragging it down.
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（四）公示语翻译
随着经济全球化的日益深入，中国对外交往不断增多，近几年随着北京奥运会和上海世博会的日益临近，越来越多中英对照的标牌和标识语出现在公共场所、旅游景点以及各种宣传资料上。
然而，“令人遗憾的是，在这类文字的翻译中，张冠李戴、译文刻板、用词不当等语言错误俯拾皆是。”在公示语汉英翻译中存在着不少质量问题，有不少噬待解决的难题和需要改进的地方。在宾馆饭店、旅游景点或博物馆等窗口行业，在公园、街头、商场等公共场所，错误或不规范的外文随处可见。
一、动车组上的公示语
清洁袋： 误译：Airsickness bag 改译：
动车组候车室： 误译：Move the Vehicle Crew Waiting Room 改译： 全列车各个部位不得吸烟。
原译：Smoking in not allowed in every part of the train 改译：
请勿大声喧哗，以保持车厢安静。
原译：Please do not make much noise, and to keep the trains quiet. 改译：
洗脸间设在单号车厢。
原译：Toilets are in odd numbers compartment 改译：
到站的旅客，请往前门下车。
原译：Arriving passengers，Please forward door alight. 改译：
更舒适、更时尚、更环保、更美好??
原译：more comfortable，more fashionable，more environmentally and more wonderful 改译：
然而令人遗憾的是，号称设施一流、服务一流的“和谐号”动车组列车上的各类英文标识翻译却是如此不入流，出现如此多令人匪夷所思的错误确实让人失望。 二、公示语翻译纠错
在日常生活中,错误的英语用法俯拾即是,其中最明显的就是公示语的英文翻译，以下是笔者收集到的一些令人啼笑皆非的翻译，大家平时不妨也多加留意，相信你也肯定会“有所收获”。 出口： 有房：
有狗： 一次性用品： 残疾人厕所： 民族园： 化验室： 小心有电： 先下后上 文明乘车： 非紧急情况请止步：
小心地滑： 小心碰头： 水深危险，请勿下水游玩： 请勿乱丢果壳纸屑：
检票口： 三、菜单翻译
夫妻肺片： 红烧狮子头 忘记小吃店： 三鲜伊府面：
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