（七） 直译意译
一．直译与意译
所谓直译就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中尽量保持原文的形式—特别指保持原文的修辞、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
如：武装到牙齿___________ 鳄鱼的眼泪_____________
连锁反应_________________
所谓意译是指译文与原文因表达方式上的差异，不便或无法在保留原文形式，只能将原文的思想内容或形象用自己的话间接地表现出来。
eat one?s words: face the music: pull one?s leg: 纸老虎 ●译家之言
翻译的正确道路，既不应是直译，也不应是模仿，而应是意译 (paraphrase)。译者有一定限度的自由，他要时刻看到作者，这样就不至于迷失方向，但他主要是紧跟作者的意思而不死扣字眼，他可以对作者的意思加以引伸，但不能改变。（乔治·斯坦纳）
二．翻译原则
Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation.
(1).No matter what may happen, the Chinese people will firmly support the oppressed people of the world. 译文：
(2).Exchange of idea is necessary, for without it, it is impossible to achieve mutural understanding. 译文：
(3).创新是一个民族的灵魂。
直译的局限性：造成意义晦涩，译文有时冗长罗唆，晦涩难懂，有时不能正确传达原文意义，有时甚至事与愿违。
(1).It's a Smoke Free Area. 意译： (2).Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. 意译： (3)．If my mother had known of it, she?d have died a second time. 意译：
不能直译就意译：
当英语和汉语在词序方面、句法结构方面以及修辞色彩方面存在极大差异时，并且这些差异使得我们无法用直译的方法来进行翻译时，我们必须借助意译法来解决这一矛盾。 ●译家之言
如果原文的表达形式比译文准确、有力，可以直译，但要符合?忠实、通顺?的标准，如armed to teeth可以直译为?武装到牙齿?。要吸收新鲜用语，就要直译。?要从外国语言钟吸收我们所需要的成分，而且要吸收他们的新鲜用语?（毛泽东《反对党八股》）。（连淑能） (1).Nancy was a fixture at Rocket?s games in her school days. 意译：
(2).I am afraid she is too far from the cradle for you. 意译：
(3).It is said that every family has a skeleton in the cupboard. 意译：
(4).Last night, I heard him driving his pigs to market. 意译：
(6).The English have never shown themselves averse to a gamble, though fortunately most of them know where to draw the line. 译文：
三、直译意译比较
1．光阴似箭，转眼中国加入世贸组织已经整整4年。(06-3)
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2．天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。 杨： 霍：
3．巧媳妇做不出没米的饭来，叫我怎么样呢？ 杨：霍：
4．黛玉说：你说你会过目成诵，难道我就不能一目十行了！
David Hawks： You needn't imagine you are the only one ________________,” said Dai-yu naughtily.“I suppose I'm allowed to__________________.
杨宪益：You boast that you can ________________________, why can?t I_______________________.(戴乃迭)
意译谚语： 直译谚语：
A new broom sweeps clean. kill two birds with one stone.
Make hay while the sun shines. Draw water with a sieve.
Look before you leap. Blood is thicker than water.
A watched pot never boils. Easier said than done.
One swallow does not make a summer. Walls have ears.
The apple of one?s eye A drop in the ocean.
Cast pearls before swine. Misfortune never comes alone.
A burned child dreads the fire. To praise to the skies
四：翻译练习 词句翻译：
1．After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.
2．.I tried to think what could have happened, but nothing suggested itself.
3．What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?
4. With cutthroat pricing, they did eventually run nearly every US electronic company out of the TV business.
5. Many American firms have taken fright at the prospect of being locked out of China while companies from Japan and Europe crowd in.
6). 有人把香港说成是“文化沙漠”。实际上，香港有着其独得的文化氛围。在电影制作方面，香港名列世界前茅。
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翻译练习（25ms）：
中国改革开放以来，国民经济年均增长速度达到9.7%。今天，大多少中国人享有比历史上任何一个时期都要高的生活水平。中国的经济增长使这个国家在投资、市场和能源方面越来越依赖外部世界。
中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的大市场。世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，投向了西部，并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会越来越多。西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展，共同繁荣。
（八） 被动主动
一．主动与被动 ●译家之言
被动与否，古人显然并不烦心。到了翻译体中，一经英文文法点明，被动语气遂蠢蠢不安起来。?被?字成为一只跳蚤，咬得所有动词痒痒难受。” ‘他被警告，莎莉有梅毒’；‘威廉有一颗被折磨的良心’；‘他是被她深深地喜爱着’；‘鲍士威尔主要被记忆为一个传记家’；‘当那只狗被饿得死去活来的时候，我也被一种悲哀所袭击’；‘最后，酒被喝光了，菜也被吃完了’；这样子的恶译，怪译，不但流行于翻译体中，甚至有侵害创作之势。（余光中）。
二．被动语态译法
译法一、译成汉语的被动－可以用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等多种形式表被动。
1).The quality of the product was limited by the cost. 译文：产品的质量__________________。 2).The criminal was dealt with according law. 译文：罪犯___________________。 3).The effort of the government was recognized by the public. 译文：政府的努力___________________。
4).The dictionaries have been affected with damp. 译文：字典_________________。 译法二、译为汉语主动句 A.语序不变
1).On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 译文：《实践论》__________________。 2).The whole country was armed in a few days. 译文：几天以内，________________________。
3).Nowadays, her songs are so popular among the young people that they are played on the radio every Sunday. 译文：
4).Foundations are tax-free institutions that are created to give grants to both individuals and nonprofit organizations for activities.（:02/3） 译文：
B.调整语序，原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。
1).A new kind of substance has been found by the scientific workers.
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译文：_______________________________。
2).The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults. 译文：_________________________________。
3).Another middle school has been set up in our district．译文：
译法三、译成汉语无主句
1). The lights are usually turned on at 6∶30. 译文: ____________________________
2).The new Constitution must be made known to every household and every citizen. 译文：____________________________。
3).We both believe that through vigilance and strength, in your words, a war can be postponed , and in our words , war can be avoided.
译文： 5).Identification cards already are required here for most persons to enter their workplace, take an airplane flight or go into a public building.（: 02/9）
译文：______________________________________________________________________。 ◆灵活变通
1).He has been wedded to translation. 译文： 2).The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 译文：
3). Many voices have been raised demanding the setting of an Arab common market. 译文：
4). Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, whose who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. 译文1：
三．汉译英中的被动 被动句：
1).社会主意思想体系已经被全国人民所接受。
译文：Socialist ideology ________________________________________.. 2).他的性格是由他的生活经历，而不是他所受的学校教育形成的。
译文：Hischaracter________________________________________by the education he got at school. 主动句：
2).经过二十年的快速发展，中国西部地区已奠定了一定的物质技术基础。（03/9） 译文： 无主句：
1).应当鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。 译文：
2).要致力于推动建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。 译文：
四．小试身手
1).The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.
2).To help the panel in their selection, an interview assessment form is often used during the interview when each applicant is checked according to a number of criteria indicated on the form. (: 98/3)
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3). As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure(地下岩层结构) must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a drilling rig（钻机） is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a derrick（井架）. It is used to lift sections of pipe（分节油管）, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill.(由钻头打出的孔)
五．翻译练习
目前，亚洲的发展面临着新的机遇，也面临着新的挑战。总体上，亚洲依然是当今世界最具经济活力和发展潜力的地区。经济全球化的深入发展和科学技术的迅猛进步，有利于亚洲各国利用国际资本，引进先进技术，开拓国际市场，推动本国经济的发展。
但是亚洲某些地区的安全形势仍不容乐观，反对恐怖主义斗争尚待深入。经济全球化在带来发展机遇的同时，也增加了国际经济环境的不确定性，增加了本地区内发展中经济体结构调整的难度和遭遇外部冲击的风险。
（九） 定语从句
定语从句在英语中运用极为频繁，同时也是构成英语“树枝”的各类从句中最难，最常用而又最为重要的一种。Attributives are to a sentence what feathers are to a peacock. As fine feathers make a fine bird, so graceful attributives make a graceful sentence.定语，以及定语从句在英汉翻译的重要性也是显而易见的。
汉语修饰语一般置于所修饰的词之前；而英语中的定语从句、分词定语、不定式定语、介词短语等通常放在所修饰的词之后。 比较：
1.这就是那只猫。 This is the cat.
2.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat. 3.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。 This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.
4.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house. 5.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that lay in the house that Jack built. 例：只有具有博士学位的人才有资格申请这个职位。 ●译家之言
汉语的定语只能放在前边，就不便很长。定语长了，听的人（或读的人）老在惦记着那个被修饰的名词，不知道你说的是什么人或什么东西，就要着急，也容易疲劳，搞得不好还会迷路。英语的定语从句放
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