在后头，说的是什么人或什么东西已经在前边交代了，听的人就不着急了，因此英语的定语从句可以拉得很长。（吕叔湘） 一．英译汉 前置法
1).The amount of water which is required for irrigation depends on a number of factors. 译文：
2).The sun，which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 译文：
3). By the middle of this century, some two thirds of the world?s nation will enjoy a standard of living, which only the advanced economies now have. 译文： 后置法
1). We live in an era in which information, goods and capital speed around the globe, every hour of everyday. 译文1：
2). Flu, more properly known as influenza, usually is manifested by more sever symptoms which typically include headache, chills, and fever.
▲结构转换: 译成表原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系的状语内容。
1). This new type of seed which is grown under ordinary conditions can yield twice as much grain as that type.
2). Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.
3).We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
4). This is an indispensable book for anyone who wants to speak and write with clarity, effectiveness, and individuality.
5). I?ll try to get an illustrated dictionary dealing with technical glossary, which will enable me to translate scientific literature more exactly. 译文1： 二 小试身手
Contemporary sociological theory assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them..
The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.
三．汉译英 （1）分词
据统计，每天来敦煌壁画的游客数以千计。
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译文：
他亲眼目睹了美国战后第一次后果严重的波及各个领域的经济危机。 译文：
（2）定语从句
昨天我带来放在书架上的一本新汉英词典对翻译很有帮助。 译文：
7). 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键。 译文：
著名物理学家杨曾说：“ 高科技战场是中国超越发达国家的主战场，也是最后战场。 译文：
（3）With结构
我们要紧紧团结在以胡锦涛同志为核心的党中央的周围，高举邓小平理论的伟大旗帜。 译文：
中国是一个地域辽阔，有着数千年悠久历史的多民族国家。 译文：
（4）不定式
中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会越来越多。 译文：
世博会是展示世界各国社会、经济、文化、科技成就和发展前景的舞台， 是各国人民交流经验、相互学习、开展合作的盛会。 译文：
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（十） 成语翻译
一．四字格成语
无论是用汉语写作的作品，还是用汉语翻译的作品，目前都有这么一种趋势，那就是四字词组的运用越来越频繁，越来越广泛。 ●译家之言
翻译最大的困难是什么呢?就是两种文化的不同。在一种文化里头有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”?（王佐良） 二．成语的运用
汉语词汇浩如烟海，其中四字词组随处可见，他结构短小，语言精练，表现力强，恰到的运用可以使译文增色，锦上添花。 A：言简意赅，节省笔墨
1.These statements may seem so commonplace that they may be hardly worth making. 原译：这些说法似乎太平常了以至于几乎不值得发表。 改译：
2.He acted decisively to avoid what seemed to him to be the beginning of an unwholesome (unhealthy) trend. 原译：为了制止对他来说是一种有害的倾向的开始，他果断采取了行动。 改译：____________________________，他果断采取了行动。
3.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man.
原译：科学的探索，知识的追求，使得人们有了避免自然灾害和他人施加的伤害的实际能力。 改译：科学的探索，知识的追求，_________________________________________________。
4.Some personnel executives complained that many college graduates they had interviewed here had two-star abilities with five-star ambitions.
原译：许多人事经理抱怨他们面试过的大学毕业生许多都是有五星的雄心，两星的能力。 改译：许多人事经理抱怨他们面试过的大学毕业生________________________________。
5.Money may not be the root of all evil, but if it keeps us up at night, it has become too important in our lives. 原译：钱也许并不是所有罪恶的根源，但如果它使我们整个晚上睡不着觉，那它在生活中就过于重要了。 改译：_____________________________________________，那它在生活中就过于重要了。 ●译家之言
在忠实于原文的基础上，发挥译文语言优势，运用四字格是应该提倡的。（冯庆华） B：描述形象、表达生动
6.She has beauty still，if it b e not in its heyday, it is not yet in its autumn. 原译：她仍然漂亮，虽然不是在她最年轻的时候，但也还没到秋天。 改译：_________________________________________________。 7.He arrived at Shelly Hot Springs, tired and dusty on Sunday night. 原译：星期日晚上，他到达雪莱温泉馆，非常疲劳又满身灰尘。
改译：星期日晚上，他到达雪莱温泉馆，____________________________。
8.Russia is a huge geographical country, with well-educated people, and will eventually recover.（01/9） 译文：俄罗斯是一个国土很大的国家，人民受过良好教育，它们最终将要复苏。 改译：_________________________________________________________。 C：流畅自然，文采斐然
9.There are many interesting and fascinating subjects of conversation in these days. 译文：现在有许多有趣又令人着迷的话题。 改译：____________________________。
10.A combination of tiredness and boredom caused me to fall asleep in the middle of his lecture. 译文：疲惫和枯燥的结合让他很快在讲座过程中睡着了。
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改译：_________________________________________________。 11.Her experience and energy are a winning combination in business. 译文：她的经验和精力是她从事商业成功的组合。
译文：_________________________________________________。
12.Those who still have jobs are working longer hours with little prospect of meaningful raises.(05/9) 译文：那些尚留在工作岗位上的人员工作时间加长，然而他们几乎没有加薪的希望。
改译：那些尚留在工作岗位上的人员工作时间加长，________________________________。 试译：
13.Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others.（Unit1, P11 , L1）
原译：大部分美国人有很多精力和热情。他们宁愿约束自己而不愿被别人约束。 改译：
14.Many people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it does come it may fail to satisfy.(-P11)
原译：许多人认为，退休后他们将会好好享受他们的时光，但是当退休真的来临时，可能无法让他满意。 改译：许多人认为，退休后_______________________________________________。
15: Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of brave resistance or the most abject submission
翻译试笔
The task of writing a history of our nation from Rome's earliest days fills me, I confess, with some misgiving, and even were I confident in the value of my work, I should hesitate to say so. I am aware that for historians to make extravagant claims is, and always has been, all too common: every writer on history tends to look down his nose at his less cultivated predecessors, happily persuaded that he will better them in points of style, or bring new facts to light. Countless others have written on this theme and it may be that I shall pass unnoticed amongst them; if so, I must comfort myself with the greatness and splendor of my rivals.
My task, moreover, is an immensely laborious one. I shall have to go back more than seven hundred years, and trace my story from its small beginnings up to these recent times when its ramifications are so vast that any adequate treatment is hardly possible. I shall find antiquity a rewarding study, if only because, while I am absorbed in it, I shall be able to turn my eyes from the troubles which for so long have tormented the modern world, and to write without any of that over-anxious consideration which may well plague a writer on contemporary life, even if it does not lead him to conceal the truth.（229words）
三．成语的英译 A：意译解释：
扬眉吐气：死译：to raise he eyebrows and let out a breath 改译：
开门见山：死译：To open the door and see the mountain 改译：
添砖加瓦： 水乳交融： B：套用英语成语
浑水摸鱼： 大海捞针： 赴汤蹈火 挥金如土：
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掌上明珠： 对牛弹琴： C：直译
日新月异 尊师重教 殊死奋战 博大精深 吃苦耐劳 可歌可泣
四．句子翻译
1. What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range.
2.The present-day American society is disfigured by huge blemishes: entrenched poverty, persistent racial tension, the breakdown of the family and staggering budget deficits.
3. Since modern Western culture is highly diverse, something that has faded completely from one segment of a society can still be flourishing in another.
丰功伟绩 逍遥法外：面不改色 混淆黑白
五．翻译试笔
上海市一座朝气蓬勃、充满活力、多姿多彩的国际大都市，改革开放以来，上海变化之大令世人瞩目。经济高速发展，社会秩序稳定，人民安居乐业，呈现出一片繁华气象。
今天，尽管上海还有着不少色彩斑斓的过去可以留恋和回味，但城市日新月异的面貌却使越来越多的世人所折服。浦西展示了上海的辉煌岁月，浦东展现了上海的美好前景。上海就像一轮红日，光芒四射，鲜艳夺目。上海的明天充满希望。
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