2.关系代词作宾语时，可放在介词后。 但当关系代词是that时，则不能放在介词后。eg. This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived
= This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in. =This is the house that Lu Xun once lived in
二、如何选用引导词：一般情况引导词的选用是受先行词决定的——先行词是人时用that , who , whom , whose; 先行词是物时用that , which; 先行词是时间、地点时用when , where. eg. 1)The boy who / that is standing under the tree is Jim. 站在树下的那个男孩时Jim. 2)Do you know the girl whose mother is a driver? 你认识那个妈妈是司机的女孩吗？ 3)Have you been to the factory where your father works? 你去过你爸爸工作的工厂吗？ 但注意区别who / that (指人)；which / that (指物) 1.修饰人只用who的情况：
a. 先行词是one , ones , anyone , those 时。 b. there be句型中修饰名词时。 c. 先行词后有一个较长的定语。
eg.1)Anyone who hasn’t handed in his home- work should stay after school. 没交作业的任何人放学后都要留下。
2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 校门口有位想见你的女孩。
3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 昨天下午在公园你见过那个穿红衬衫的人吗？
2.修饰人或物只用that的情况：
a. 先行词为指物的不定代词all , much , little, few , everything , something , anything , nothing b.先行词前有最高级、序数词及last , only , very , all , no时 c. 先行词既有人，又有物时
d. 主句是who / which引导的特殊疑问句，而先行词又指人或物时。 eg.1)Is there anything that I can do for you? 有让我做的事吗？
2)He is the only one that can help us at the moment. 他是现在能帮助我们的唯一的人。
3)He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他谈论着他拜访过的老师和参观过的学校。
4)Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 我们上周星期天用过的机器是哪一台？ 3.修饰物只用which的情况：
a. 先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时 b. 先行词为that时
eg.1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . 这就是鲁迅以前住过的房子。 2)What‘s that which you are holding in your arms? 你抱着的那个是什么？ *三、定语从句可简化为短语
1．定语从句为被动语态时可简化为过去分词短语；定语从句为现在进行时可简化为现在分词短语。 2．定语从句的谓语(be)后是介词短语，可简化为介词短语作定语。 3．定语从句的谓语动词含情态动词，可简化为不定式。 eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. = I bought a book written by Lu Xun.
2)Tell the children who are playing there not to do that. = Tell the children playing there not to do that. 3)The book that is on the table is mine. = The book on the table is mine.
4) We have nothing that we should fear. = We have nothing to fear.
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练 习
一、用适当的关系代词填空
1.Is it the very house ________ you lived in ten years ago? 2.The woman _____ sits next to the door is my mother. 3.I‘ll never forget the year _____ I joined the League. 4.It is the house _____ I was born.
5.The house ______ roof is broken has been repaired. 二、用短语来改写下面的定语从句部分。
1.The man that is talking with Mary is my brother. ______________________________________ __________________.
2.This is a book which was written by a worker ______________________________________ 3.The student who is from Canada speaks French. ______________________________________ __________.
4.She has a lot of work that she must do.
_____________________________________ 三、选择填空
( )1.The man ____ was a friend of mine. A. that you just talked to
B. whom you just talked to him C. who you just talked to him D. which you just talked to
( )2.This is the best film ____has been shown this year. A. who B. that C. which D. when
( )3.Finally, the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police. A. which B. what C. that D. in where
( )4.Mr. Li told us the stones and writers ____ interested him A. what B. who C. that D. which
( )5.My father still remembers the day ___ he joined the army. A. when B. which C. to which D. from which
( )6.I‘ll never forget the summer holidays ____ we spent together. A. when B. in which C. which D. how
( )7—Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees? —Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who
( )8.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important. A. who B. where C. what D. that
( )9.I hate people _______ talk much but do little. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
( )10.—Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher? —Oh! It‘s Mr Baker, our maths teacher. A. he B. that C. whom D. which
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( )11.I hate the people ________ don‘t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they D. where
( )12.George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing. A. who B. whom C. he D. which
( )13.This is the place _____I have ever visited. A. there B. when C. where D. which
( )14.Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn‘t come to the meeting. A. that B. which C. why D. when ( )15.The moon is a world ___there is no life. A. that B. which C. where D. why ( )16.He has forgotten the day ___ he arrived. A. when B. where C. that D. which
( )17.He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family. A. when B. where C. that D. on which
( )18.Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman. A. who B. that C. whose D. which
( )19.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation. A. that B. which C. when D. where ( )20.This is the house ______ I want to buy. A. in which B. that C. whose D. where
( )21.He didn‘t tell me the place _______ he was born. A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )22.He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station. A. that B. which C. where D. when
十五、反意疑问句
由“陈述句 + 附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。
对附加疑问部分应注意以下几点： 1）主语只能用人称代词；2）附加疑问句的not必须与（be /助/情）缩写；3）附加疑问句的时态必须与陈述部分的时态一致。 eg.1)Tom is a work, isn‘t Tom?(找错)_______ 2)You can swim, can not you?(找错)______ 3)He had lunch, doesn‘t he?(找错)________
特别注意以下几种反意疑问句 1. 陈述部分含否定意味的词(few, little,
never, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none)，附加疑问句应使用肯定形式（但前缀词unhappy, unlike, disappear等列外） eg. They are unhappy, aren‘t they?
2.陈述部分的主语是everything, something, nothing, anything时，附加疑问句的主语应用it；陈述部分的主语是everybody, somebody, nobody, everyone, no one时，附加疑问句的主语应用they。
eg.1)Everything is ready, ___________? 2)Everyone is here, ____________?
3.陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问句一般用：will you? 但注意： Let‘s … , shall we? Let us … , will you?
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4.陈述部分含must时，附加疑问句一般用needn‘t. eg. I must finish my work now, _________?
5.陈述部分是there be结构时，应用there be结构来完成。 eg. There‘s little water, ___________
*6.陈述部分含宾语从句时，疑问部分通常与主句一致。但当主句的谓语动词是think, believe且主语是I , we时，即：
I / We think (believe) + 宾从，则附加问句应与从句一致。I‘m sure + 宾从也是如此 eg.1)She said I did it, ____________?
2)We don‘t think you are right, ________? 3)I‘m sure you‘ll help me, ____________? *7.I‘m… , aren‘t I?
eg.I am older than you, __________?
8.陈述部分含had better, 疑问部分应用had better来回答。 eg. You‘d better go out , ___________?
9.陈述部分是感叹句，附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致。 eg. 1)What a kind girl, __________? 2)What a fine day, ___________?
练 习
( )1.You had to work for 10 hours yesterday, _____? A. didn‘t you B. did not you C. had not you D. did you ( )2.Don‘t eat too much, ____?
A. will you B. don‘t you C. do you D. can you ( )3.Lily looks like Lucy, ____? A. is Lily B. isn‘t she C. does Lily D. doesn‘t she
( )4.—You didn‘t change your mind, did you--- ______. A. No, I didn‘t B. Yes, did I C. No, I did D. Yes, I didn‘t
( )5.The woman hardly let her daughter go to school, ____ she ? A. does B. doesn‘t C. did D. didn‘t
( )6.Be sure to come to the parents‘ meeting on time, ____? A. will you B. aren‘t you C. can‘t you D. mustn‘t you ( )7.Let‘s have a good rest, ____? A. will we B. do we C. shalln‘t we D. shall we
( )8.He has never ridden a horse before, ___?
A. does he B. has he C. hasn‘t he D. doesn‘t ( )9.Tom has supper at school, ___? A. hasn‘t he B. has he C. doesn‘t he D. does he
( )10.There is little water in the glass, ___? A. isn‘t there B. isn‘t it C. is it D. is there
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十六、简单句的五种句型
1.主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. He is working.
2.主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. We study English every day.
3.主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. Trees turn green.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get ; turn ; feel ; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎). 特别注意：形容词常作表语
4.主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物） =主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用 eg.1)I gave him a book. = I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday. = My mother bought a pen for me.
5.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim. 2)We must keep the window open. 3)He told me to wash the plates. 4)I saw a thief going into your room. 特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth 2)省to不定式作宾补，即： (l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel. eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day. 2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补. hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
Ⅱ、 知 识 要 点
1.问职业：
What be + 主语？= What does /do +主语+do? eg. He is a teacher.（提问） ______ _____ he _____?
2.It‘s nice talking to you.与你谈话真高兴。 △
3.表方式的短语
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