2)表示“后一半的,接近终了的,末尾的”, in the latter part of next year明年后期 in the latter stage of the fight 在战斗的后阶段;last 1) 表示“最后的,最末的” George was the last person to arrive. 乔治是最后一个到的。 This is my last $5. 这是我最后的5 美元。 2) 表示“上一次,最近一次” last night 昨晚 last week 上星期 When did you last see him?你最近什么时候见过他? 13. B) 题意:在死亡原因中,癌症位于心脏病之后,列第二位。
解析:词组second to sth/sb表示“仅次于,位居第二的”,包含了一种比较的意思在内。还有一些别
的相关词组可以一起记忆:the second-largest car manufacturer in the country全国第二大汽车制造商 As a footballer he is second to none.作为一名足球运动员,他是首屈一指的。second best仅次于最好的,居于第二
位的。 另外,序数词加上最高级,表示”第几大的”之类的意思,也是很常见的:third-largest, forth most important, fifth-quickest, etc.
14. D) 题意:相对于老人而言,年轻人有可能更偏爱流行歌曲。
解析:rather than: 在更大程度上;不是……而是……;符合题意。 other than:不同于, 除了。 more than 多于,超过。 less than 少于。
15.D) 题意:把融化的铁倒进容器里,正如把茶水从茶壶里倒进茶杯里。
解析:这句话也表达了一种比较,可以看出空格前后是两小句话,两件独立的事情;这是要打比方,
用后一件事情说明前一件事情,属于同级比较。本句只能用as引导方式比较状语从句,其他的词(which, like)都不行,B答案则没有连词,故不对。much在此是副词,起加强语气的作用。
16. D) 题意:他从未奢望在那样大的公司里找一份工作。
解析:beyond:“超出,为……所不及”,符合题意.。 above和 over虽然都有”高于,超过”的意思, 但 above通常表示在位置,职位,具体方向,数量,年龄,品质行为等方面, over 则指方位,地位,权力,数目,
程度等方面, 有时两者可以互换。under表示在……之下,低于,少于,它的反义词是over 。
17.C) 题意:据报道,大多数被收养的孩子希望知道自己的亲生父母是谁。
解析:(the) most是much, many的最高级,也经常与二音节以上的形容词或副词搭配表达”最……”的意思。但是,most也可以单独做代词,表示“大多数,大部分,几乎全部”。B答案后如果加上the就对了。还有一点经常考,most做“顶,很”讲时,也不是什么最高级,比如:It?s most kind of you.你真好。a most enjoyable party一次很愉快的聚会 a most beautiful woman 一位很漂亮的女士
18.B) 题意:那个小个子身高仅一米五。
解析:more than前加上否定词no, scarcely, nothing, little, hardly等表示“仅……而已” 19.C) 题意:开车时,再怎么小心也不为过。
解析:本题的测试点是固定搭配cannot…too : “怎么……也不过分”。 比如:You cannot praise the film too highly. 无论你怎么称赞这部电影都不过分。其实这样的说法表达了一种最高级的意思在内。 20. D) 题意:假如自来水如有些人想的那样有毒的话,那么我们就会有更多的人生病。
解析:a lot修饰比较级more时,应该前置。所以只有答案D正确。a lot除了常用的“大量,许多”
的意思, 还可以做副词,表示“经常,非常”,比如:Your sister looks a lot like you.你姐很象你。 I?m feeling a lot better today.我今天感觉好多了。We walk a lot during the holidays.假期中,我们经常散步。 21. A) 题意:美国人每天吃的蛋白质是他们身体所需的两倍。
解析:twice(two times), three times, four times, etc.表示倍数,修饰as much protein as 。
22. B) 题意:现在,电子学方面的实际运用很少;这一点比机器人带来的恐慌更大:将来的工作职位的数目会很令人担忧。
解析:more likely表示“更有可能”,其他答案均不含比较之意。
23.D) 题意:喇叭当然很响。但让我烦心的则是他吹的毫不动听,而不是他的音量太大。
解析:as much as 表示同级比较:“和……一样”;当用于否定时,第一个as可以互换成so。 我们
学习比较级的否定形式时,不要机械性的把原句简单的理解为肯定句加上一个“不”字
就可以了。首先要在逻辑上搞清楚句子要强调的是哪一层意思,然后再用适当的中文把它表 达出来。
24. C) 题意:五十年前,有钱人更喜欢打猎消遣,而不是观光。
解析:关键是找出more than前后要比较的是哪两个对等的部分,本题是hunting wild animals forfun
和going sightseeing (for fun),go应该和hunt保持形式一致,都用分词,这是动词like要求的。 25. B) 题意:圣路易斯以前曾是美国第四大城市,现在则是第二十四位。
解析:once是时间副词,表示“从前”,修饰全句,故放在前面;序数词fourth加上最高级biggest
表示:“第几大的”,参照第13题注释。
第十二讲 强调结构和省略
I. 考点分析
一、强调结构
It was + 被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+who, whom,that
1.一般说来,被强调部分指人时用who,whom指物时用that(但that亦可指人) 2..当要强调的主语是人称代词时,既可用主格形式,也可用宾格形式。
It was I who… It was me that… 但宾格形式多用于非正式英语
3.that 或之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。(即人称和数要与原句中的一致) 4.强调句中的时态通常只有两种,一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时,过去完成时和过去进行 时时,用It was…,其余时态用It is…但也有一些较复杂的形式,主要是情态动词may/might/must +动词原形,或者情态动词may/might/must +have +动词过去分词。偶尔也有用将来时的情况 5. 关于强调句的几点注意事项:
1) 强调句可用陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和感叹句来表达。 ---It is for this that we have delayed so long? 我们就是为了这个才耽搁这么久的。 ---Who it was that left the door open? 究竟是谁把门开着的?
---What a beautiful picture it was that Mary painted! 玛丽画的是一副多么美丽的图画! 2) 强调句还可做宾语从句
---John told me that it was because he was ill that he decided to return . 约翰告诉我,他是因为生病才决定返回的。 ---I wonder who it was that left the door open. 我真纳闷,究竟是谁把门开着的。 3)强调句即可用肯定式,也可用否定式
---It was not Peter that made the mistake. 犯下这个错误的不是彼得。
---It was not Jim but John that I saw yesterday. 我昨天看见的不是杰姆,而是约翰。 ---It is not a novel but a play that he is writing. 他在写的不是小说,而是剧本
4)在强调部分中,还可包含一个强调性副词 如only/particularly/also等,可进一步加强语气 ---It was only/particularly/also John who protested.
5)强调词it和先行词it 的区别:可用恢复原句来判别,即是把It is (was)… that取消,剩下的仍能组成一个完整的句子,就是强调句型,否则就不是。 ----It is there that accidents often happen. It is… that…
There accidents often happen.
这个强调句强调的是地点状语there
----It is clear that not all boys like football. 去掉It is …that…
Clear not all boys like football.
剩下的句子不完整,因此不是强调句,而是由作先行词it引导的一个主语从句
eg: ----John wore his best suit to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚穿者他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会我们即可用强调结构来强调句中的主语、宾语和状语:
It was John who (that) wore his best suit to the dance last night. 是约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会的。(强调主语)
. It was his best suit (that) John wore to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚是穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会 的。(强调宾语) It was last night (that)John wore his best suit to the dance.(强调状语last night) 约翰是昨晚穿着他最好的衣参加晚会的。
It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night(to the dance)约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服是去参加舞会的 (强调状语to the dance)
6)强调结构亦可强调短语从句如例(5)即强调短语to the dance又如:
I suspected it was on her orders you were bringing him here.我怀疑你是遵照她得吩咐要把她带到这儿来的。(强调短语on her orders)
7)强调结构亦可强调某些状语从句,如:
---It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday我昨天是由于想买一本字典而进城的 (强调because从句)
---It is only when you nearly lose someone that you become fully conscious of how much you value them.只有当你差一点失掉某人时,你才会充分意识到你是多么重视他(强调only when引导的从句)
8)在强调结构中的who从句中,who也常用做宾语 ,如:
It must be your mother who you are thinking of.你在想的一定是你的母亲。(who常代之以在正式文体中亦可用whom)
下一句则用whom:
. It was your brother to whom I offered a dollar for his knife yesterday我昨天给了你兄弟1元钱买他的小刀。(这里用宾格whom显然其前有介词之故) 9)强调结构有时亦可用whose与which引导从句,如:
---It?s Uncle Bill whose address I lost.比尔叔叔的地址我丢了。(强调结构用whose)
It deserves attention that it is especially the verb to do which is often found in the active voice.应该注意,特别是行为动词常用在主动语态中(强调结构用which)
10)表语与宾语补语偶尔亦可为被强调部分,如:
---It was a doctor that he eventually became。他最后成了一个医生。(表语一般不可用做被强调部分) ---It?s dark green that we?ve painted the kitchen.我们把厨房漆成了深绿色。 11)强调结构中的时态应一致,即主句与从句的时态皆用现在时,或皆用过去时或皆用将来时。如:
--- It is not I who am angry.发怒的不是我。(皆用现在时)
--- It was my two sisters who knew her best.是我的两个姐妹最了解她(皆用过去时) --- It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.对此须受责难的将不是你。(皆用将来时) 12) 时态也有不一致的情况,如:
---. It is Miss Williams that enjoyed reading novels as a pastime.是威廉姆斯小姐以读小说来消遣。
It is these very novels that Miss Williams enjoyed reading as a pastime.威廉姆斯小姐作为消遣所读的就是这些小说。
13) not…until…句型的强调句
It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其它成分
----He didn?t go to bed until (till) ten o?clock.
It was not until ten O?clock that he went to bed.(强调句)
----Regular radio broadcasts didn?t begin till (until)1920.
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.(强调句) 本句型只用until,不用till,但如果不是强调句型,till,untill可通用 本句型也可用倒装句表示
----Li ming didn?t watch TV till (until) he finished his homework. Not until hefinished his home work did Li ming watch TV.
=Only when he finished his ho0mework did Li Ming watch TV.
14)另外一种常用的强调结构是: What…is /was…结构 这种结构比较简练用于强调主语和宾语: ----I like travelling. Travelling is what I like. ----My back hurts. What hurts is my back. --- I want this hat. This hat is what I want. What I want is this hat. ---You need a good rest. A good rest is what you need. What you need is a good rest.
二、省略
省略有多种手法,在四级常见的是 从句中主语和谓语的部分省略(特别是动词be的省略)省略可使句子简洁避免重复,被机械删去的赘述部分可以填回原处。
a. Look out for cars when(you are) crossing the street.过街时注意车辆。
When (it is) compared, the power station will have nine 72000 kw. Generators.建成之后这个发电站将有 九台七万二千千瓦的发电机。
While (he is) there he joined in voluntary labor on a project.他在那里时参加了一项工程的义务劳动。 Remain one of the common people while (you are) serving as officials.既当官,又当老百姓。 If ( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.如果管理不当灌溉还可能有害
Though (they are) reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.虽然他们人数减少了,战斗力却加强了
With our tactics, no enemy, however (he is ) powerful, can cope with us.以我们的战术,不管多强大的敌人 都对付不了我们。
She hurriedly left the room as though (he is) angry.她急匆匆地走出房去,好象很生气的样子。
She worked extremely hard though (she is) still rather poor in health.尽管身体还很不好,他仍极其努力地工作。
She told the children not to talk while ( they are)eating.她让孩子们吃饭时别说话。
She advised me not to say anything until (I am asked) asked. 她劝我别说什么,除非有人要我说。 b. If (it is) necessary I?ll have the letter duplicated.如有必要,我请人把信复写一下
Filling the blanks with articles where( it is) necessary.在空格中必要的地方填入冠词
If (it is) possible, I should like to have two copies of it.可能的话我希望有两本。
As ( it is) scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.他们按原定计划于一月二十日在中国大使馆见了面。
They will try to put the plan into practice as quickly as (it is) possible。他们将尽快把这计划付诸实施。
II. 历届四级试题中的强调句及相关练习
1.______ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. (89/1/42) A) During the 1960?s B) It was in the 1960?s C) That it was in the 1960?s D) It was the 1960?s
2. ______she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. (90/1/48) A) That was from Stephen B) It was Stephen whom C) It was from Stephen that D) It was Stephen that 3.When ______that the long march started?
A) is it B) was it C) did it D) had been it 4. It was in 1997______ they went to Australia. A) when B) while C) that D) which
5. It was______-that we first met each other .
A) until liberation B) before liberation C) that liberation D) when liberation 6. It ______that they painted their room.
A) was pink B) was he C) was him D) 7.It is ______all the people get on it that the bus will go. A) not until B) till C) while D) when 8. It ______-that he didn?t go to school.
A) because he was ill B) he was ill C) his illness D) was ill 9. It ______ her mother that you saw yesterday
A) must be B) must have been C) should be D) should have been 10. It ______in the store that I lost my purse.
A) might have been B) may be C) is D) will
III. 答案及解析:
1. B) 题意:“就再20世纪60年代,两国之间的贸易达到了最高点”。
解析:It was in the 1960?s能与之构成完整的强调句型,用以强调事情发生的时间in the 1960?s。 2. C) 题意:“她是从斯蒂芬那儿第一次听说被称为专家的那个人”。 解析:本句是用It was … that … 这种强调句型强调句中做状语的短语from Stephen。 3. B) 解析:这是强调句用于特殊疑问句中,强调的是句子 4. C) 解析:这是强调时间状语从句
5. B) 解析:when, before, after, until引起的时间状语从句。 6. A) 解析:强调的是宾语补语
7. A) 解析:?not until?结构用于强调句中
8. A) 解析: 强调原因状语从句
9. B) 解析:强调句强调表示的是对过去情况推测后得出的惟一结论
10. A) 解析:强调的是一种猜测
第十三讲 特殊句式
特殊句式往往含有特殊的含义,它们既是词汇语法中的考查点,也是阅读理解、完型填空和翻译试题中的考查点、难点。本讲讲对四级试题中常出现的固定句式进行归纳并详细讲解它们的用法。
1. rather than 而不是?;与其?不如?
◎rather than连词,用以连接同类词语,以表示“(是?) 而不是?”,“与其?不如?”,着重客观上的差别。请看下列全真题例句:
That?s why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability. (91/06 -Passage 1)
题意:这就是为什么教师常常鼓励学生尽早使用辞典并把注意力放在写作内容上而不是写作技巧上。 We were struck by the extent to which teachers? decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the students. (96/06-35)