旦”；lest表示“以免，惟恐”。
35. D) 题意：不论遇到什么困难，我们都会互相帮助，加以克服。
解析：特殊疑问词用法。B、C两项无法和difficulties搭配；A项为疑问副词，应排除；而D项为疑问代词，正确。
36. D) 题意：只要让他按自己的方式去做，他肯定能够准时完成工作。
解析：四选项的意思分别为：A) “因为”；B) “万一，惟恐”；C) “就??而言”；D) “只要”，
故D 正确。
37. C) 题意：在我回母亲居住的农舍途中，Susan赶上了我。
解析：when的特殊用法。该用法在四级考试中已出现了数次，考生应注意。
38. B) 题意：大伙终于被控制住了。但大范围的损害已经造成。
解析：句中的but暗指在大火被控制之前损失已造成。故选择before符合题意。
39. C) 题意：罗德决定要搞到一张音乐会门票，哪怕是通宵排队。
解析：A) provided等于if；B) whatever表示“无论什么，不管什么”， D) as if“好像”，都不复合
题意。C) “即使，哪怕”，正确。 40. D) 题意：尽管二十年未见面，我还是一眼就认出了他。
解析：分析句子可断定but后面是一个主从复合句，空格后跟随一时间状语从句，所以选项D）正确。类似的连词还有the minute，the instant，as soon as等。A项为介词短语，无法连接句子，B项the moment和when只需其中一个即可。
41. B) 题意：处罚他是让他不要再犯同样的错误。
解析：四个连词中C、D同义，都表示条件。A项为“除非，如果不”，B项含义类似于in case，正
确。
42. B) 题意：展览会前的队排得这么长，以至于我们不得不等了大约半小时。
解析：such…that 结构。再如：It was such a terrible day that I decided to stay indoors.
43.A) 题意：对比可能使某物显得比被单独看时更漂亮。
解析：时间状语从句省略结构。该句如果复原，应该是这样的句子：Contrast may make something
appear more beautiful than it is seen alone. 句中when属连词，省略it is，所以选项seen正确。
第五讲 名词性从句
I. 考点分析
名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，多由连词that，wh- 疑问词或由what，whatever等关系代词引导，其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。关于名词性从句中虚拟语气的情况，详见虚拟语气相关内容。
1. 主语从句
1) 主语从句在句子中充当主语，句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如： Why he refused to work with you is still mystery.
Whoever comes is welcome.
2) 主语从句前的that不能省略，仅起连接作用，有时为了保持句子平衡，that从句后置，而由it作形式主语。如：
That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother?s influence. It is not true that he has moved to New York. 2. 宾语从句在句子中充当宾语，如： I don?t know where the sound came from.
Don?t be satisfied with what you have achieved.
3．当从句放在系动词 be, look, remain, seem等后即构成表语从句。
The trouble is that I have lost his address. It seemed that the night would never end.
4. 1) 同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释，能接名词性从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news,
belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。
The news that he has passed the examination is exciting.
2) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内容；that在定语从句中充当成分，为关系代词，而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连词作用。如：
The fact that we talked about is very important. (定语从句)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.( 同位语从句) 5. whether与if 在名词性从句中的用法区别
if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而 whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。 1) 连词whether引导的主语从句，表语从句不能用if来替换。 Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.
The question is whether he will come.
2) 宾语从句中，whether常与or not搭配，可以说whether or not，而不说if or not。 I don?t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.
3) whether可用在介词后，或带to不定式前，if则不可。 She doesn?t know whether to get married now or wait. I haven?t settled the question of whether I?ll go back home. 4）某些动词后面(如discuss)只能用whether ，不用if。 We discussed whether we should go on climbing.
II. 历届四级试题中的名词性从句：
1. _____ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is barely new. (93/01/67)
A) That B) Those C) What D) Whether
2. An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately _____ from Marathon to Athens. (95/06/49) A) distance B) is the distance C) the distance D) the distance is
3. By success I don't mean _____ usually thought of when that word is used. (96/06/49)
A) what is B) that we C) as you D) all is
4. The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. (97/06/53)
A) what B) which C) that D) why
5. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life. (00/01/50) A) this B) it C) what D) that
6. We agreed to accept _____ they thought was the best tourist guide. (00/01/53) A) whichever B) whoever C) whatever D) whomever
7. There are signs _____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. (00/06/37)
A) that B) which C) in which D) whose
8. The basic features of the communication process are identified in one question: Who says _____ through what channel to whom? (01/01/52)
A) what B) when C) how D) such
9.The mother didn?t know who _______ for the broken glass. (02/01/64)
A) blamed B) to blame C) be blamed D) would blame 10. How is it _______ your roommate?s request and yours are identical? (02/06/50) A) if B) so C) what D) that
III. 答案及详解：
1. A) 题意：人类从动物行为中学到很多东西这一点还很少为人所知。
解析：句中that引导一个主语从句。
2. C) 题意：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里385码，约为从马拉松到雅典的距离。
解析：名词短语approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens 用来进一步说明26 miles and 385
yards究竟有多长，在语法上叫做同位语。若选择B) 或D)项，则前后两句之间应有or或and之类的连接词。
3. A) 题意：我所说的“成功”一词，并不是指我们使用它时通常所想到的东西。
解析：主句中谓语动词mean缺少宾语，从句中的谓语动词thought of缺少主语，因此，划线部分所
需要的词既引导宾语从句，又在宾语从句中充当主语，在这种情况下，应使用what连接句子。
4. C) 题意：大多数人认为核战争是疯狂行为，但这一点并不意味着核战争不会发生。
解析：“the mere fact”与that引导的从句是同位语。从句中基本成分齐全，故不能使用which构成
定语从句。C正确。
5. C) 题意：Anne对取得的成功感到高兴，但是不知道她的私人生活会发生什么事。
解析：全句是个主从复合句，由although引出的是让步状语从句，主句中wonder又带有一个宾语从句。根据主句的意思空格中应填入表示疑问意思的词。C)what是答案。 6. B) 题意：我们同意接受任何人，只要他们认为是最好的导游。
解析：宾语从句。分析句子结构，空格处应作accept的宾语，同时作was的主语，且表示人，所以
应选B项。例如：Whoever is responsible for this will be punished. 对此事负有责任的人要受到处罚。D) whomever是whoever的宾格，相当于anyone whom，在句中只能作宾语用。例如：You may invite whomever you like. 你喜欢的任何人都可以邀请。
7. A) 题意：有迹象表明，饭店越来越受到家庭的青睐。
解析：同位语从句。根据句意，从句只是对“signs”做解释说明，并未对这个词起限定修饰作用，
也就是说，“signs”在从句中并不作任何成分。由此，我们可以看出这里的从句应该是同位语从句，而不是定语从句。所以选项A位本题答案。
8. A) 题意：交际过程的基本特征可以归结为一个问题：谁说了什么，通过何种途径，对象是谁？
解析：特殊句式。本题空格处应该做句子的宾语。how是疑问副词，不能作say的宾语；when表示“什么时候”，不合句意；such作代词是指上下文中提到的事物，代入句中不合适。 9. B) 题意：这位母亲不知道该怪谁打破了玻璃。
解析：宾语从句省略。to blame表示被动意义，这是blame的一个特殊用法。blame sb. for sth.“因
为??而责备某人”；blame sth. on /upon sb.“把??归咎于某人”。 10. D) 题意：你室友的请求和你的是一样的，这怎么回事？
解析：主语从句。这是一道略带口语化的考题。It在题句中充当形式主语。由that引导的句子构成主语从句，作句中真正主语。
第六讲 定 语 从 句
I. 考点分析
一、概述
用作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中， 1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。请看例句： 1）The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 2) The man (who) I saw is called Smith. 3) I know the man (whom) you mean.
4) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 5) I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
6) A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read. 7) The letter (that) I received from him yesterday is very important. 8) Is he the man that sells eggs?
9) That is the boy (that) you are looking for. 2. When 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如：
1) We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better. 2) He has reached the point where a change is needed. 3) That is no reason why you should leave.
定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号隔开。 1) I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 2) Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 二、 定语从句中的四级考点:
1.在下列情形下只能用that，而不能用which。 1)序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时：
a. The first English novel that I read was the Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. b. Tom is the most diligent students that I have ever known.
2) All, everything, nothing, anything, something等不定代词修饰先行词时： a. Mr. Green had told us something that we should do in the summer vocation.
b. I heard all that she told to her mother. 2.非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that，而只能用which或 as。而后两者的区别是which引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。 a. He once helped a woman, which(as) was reported in the newspaper./ The dog, which(as) is black, is running toward the strange man. b. As is known, the director of the company is going to come to our branch to have a inspection of the production here.
3. which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。 a. Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. / Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from. b. The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant. / The house which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant. c. This is the magazine (that) you are looking for.
4. 介词＋which的结构可代替定语从句中的引导词when和where。 a. He was born in Germany where(in which) he stayed for 12 years. b. She arrived at 12 o?clock when(at which) it was raining hard. 5.but, than也可作关系代词。
a. You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
b. There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。but = who don't）
从历年四级词汇语法考点中分析可知，定语从句出现的频率很高，主要集中在以上所讲的定语从句的特殊用法中，因此需重点掌握这些。此外，在做题和复习过程中要活学活用。
II. 历届四级试题中的定语从句：
1. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,____, of course, made others jealous. (93/06/59)
A) who B) that C) what D) which
2.____ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. (93/06/67) A)That B) Which C) As D) It
3. The residents, ____ haD) been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. (93/6/68) A)all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes 4. Language is a city, to the building of ____ every human being brought a stone. (94/01/51) A)which B) that C) it D) this
5. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from ____ to suspend your tent. (95/06/50) A)there B) them C) which D) where 6. ____ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. (96/6/27)
A)As B) That C) It D) What
7. It is useful to be able to predict the extent ____ which a price change will affect supply and demand. (97/01/29) A)from B) with C) to D) for
8. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____obtaining water is not the least. (98/01/42) A)for which B) to which C) of which D) in which
9. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ____ is often the case in other countries. (98/06/58)
A) as B) what C) so D) that 10. We need a chairman ____.（98/06/62） A) for whom everyone has confidence C) who everyone has confidence of
B) in whom everyone has confidence D) whom everyone has confidence on
11. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ___ up to half will be from overseas. (98/06/70)
A) in which B) for which C) with which D) of whom
12. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ___ were surprising. (99/01/42) A) as results B) which results C) the results of it D) the results of which 13. He came back late, ___ which time all the guests have already left. (99/06/41)
A) at B) after C) by D) during
14. I hope all the precautions against air pollution ____ suggested by local government will be seriously considered here. (99/06/53)
A)as B) while C) after D) since 15. I've never been to Beijing, but it is the place ___. (99/06/55)
A)that I want to visit it most B) where I'd like to visit
C) in which I'd like to visit D) I most want to visit
16. Beer is the most popular drinks among drinkers,____ overall consumption is significant.(00/06/32) A)whose B) which C) that D) what
17. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ___ his arguments in favor of the new theory. (00/06/36) A)to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base
18. Living in the western part of the country has its problem, ___ obtaining fresh water is not the least. (00/06/46) A)with which B) for which C) of which D) which
19. The hours ____ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationship with real-life people. (01/1/54)
A)when B) on which C) that D) in which
20. Agriculture was a step in human progress ___ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own machine age. (01/01/64)
A)to B) in C) for D) from
21. Government reports examination compositions legal documents and most letters are the main situations ___ formal language is used. (01/06/46)