I wish I had gone to the party last night.
D 关于过去完成进行时
由had been +现在分词构成，主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作，例如： It had been raining for two day. The fields were all under water. At last they got the telegram they had been expecting. E 关于将来完成时
由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。例如： When we get there they?ll probably have left.
By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest country in the world.
II. 历届四级试题中的时态：
1. By the end of this month, we surely ______ a satisfactory solution to the problem. (93/6/45) A) have found B)will be finding C) will have found D) are finding
2. By the end of the year all but two people ______. (94/1/42) A) have left
B) will leave
C) will be leaving D) will have left
3. We _____ to start our own business, but we never had enough money. (94/1/46) A) have hoped B) hope C) had hoped D) should hope
4. It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ______ by about 10%. (96/1/39) A) will have risen B) has risen A) didn?t hear
C) will be rising
D) has been rising D) hadn?t heard
5. Until then, his family ______ from him for six months. (97/1/21)
B) hasn?t been hearing C) hasn?t heard
6. The conference ______ a full week by the time it ends. (97/1/22) A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted
7.“May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o?clock tonight?”
“I?m sorry. Mr. Williams ______ to a conference long before then.” (00/6/41) A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone
8.By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London. (02/1/50) A) am leaving B) shall have left C) have already left D) would be leaving
III. 答案及详解
1. C) 题意：到这个月底，我们肯定已经找到了令人满意的解决该问题方法。
解析：表示将来某个时间之前发生的事情，动词用将来完成时，所以选项C是正确答案。
2. D) 题意：到今年年底，除了两人以外所有的人都将已离开。
解析：本句也是表示将来某个时间之前发生的事情，动词用将来完成时，所以选项D是正确答案。 3. C) 题意：我们曾希望开设自己的企业，但我们从未有过足够的钱。
解析：根据but引出的句子的时态判断，希望开企业的动作发生在“过去的过去”，因此用过去完成时。故选C.
4. A) 题意：据报道，到本月底，该厂水泥的产量将增加10%左右。 解析：同第1题。
5. D) 题意：直到那时为止，他的家人已有6个月没有受到他的来信了。
解析：表示过去某时之前发生的情况，动词用过去完成时，所以D)hadn?t heard是正确答案。 6. B) 题意：会议到结束时将持续整整一周。
解析：by the time it ends表示将来某个时间之前发生的动作，用将来完成时，所以选项B是正确答案。 7. A) 题意：“今天下午5点我可以和您的经理威廉先生谈谈吗？”“抱歉威廉先生到那时早已去参加一个会议去了。”
解析：同第1题。
8. B) 题意：等你到达纽约的时候，我将早已动身去伦敦了。
解析：同第6题。
第九讲 被动语态
I. 考点分析
一、被动语态的形式
被动语态是非常重要的考点。并且我们发现与被动语态有关的考题每次都有2到3题。 首先我们要了解被动语态的基本形式。
一般现在时 be done 现在进行时 be being done 一般过去时 was/were done 过去进行时 was/were being done 现在完成时 have/has been done 过去完成时 had done 一般将来时 will be done 将来过去时 would/should be done 将来完成时 will have been done
过去将来完成时 would/should have been done going to结构 going to be done
be to be to be done
情态动词 情态动词+be done
不定式 to be done to have been done
二、被动语态在下列情况下可以使用：
1. 只有及物动词或不及物动词+前置词才能用被动态结构；单独的不及物动词不能使用。 A great battle was fought.
The babies were looked after by the nurse.
2. 当不知到动作的发出者，或不容易指出动作的发出者时，可用被动语态。 The window is broken.
The chemical works is equipped with sophisticated machines. The audience is requested to keep silence.
3. 当我们对动作的接受者比动作的发出者更感性趣时，可用被动语态。 The five-year plan has been drawn up.
Comrade Li was elected chairman.
4. 由于某种特殊的原因(如说话技巧、说话者的感情等)，故意回避行为的发出者时，可用被动语态。 Any suggestions will be heartily appreciated.
It is believed that there are about four million workers unemployed the U.S.A each year. 5. 当谈及疾病时，可用被动结构。
His left lung is affected. She is confined to the room by illness.
Tom was seized with sudden chest pain.
6. 当由于工作或其它原因过度疲劳时，可用被动结构。 He was completely exhausted after a long walk. I was almost fagged out.
She was knocked up after the long steep climb. 7. 由于兴奋或激动时，可用被动结构表示。 Jane was delighted to hear the news of your success. I am very pleased to see you here.
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her.
8. 当由于受阻或某种原因延迟或耽搁时，可用被动语态结构。 We have been held up by fog.
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock.
The train was delayed 2 hours. The harbour was blocked by ice. 9. 当涉及个人习惯时，可用被动态结构。 He is quite used to hard work.
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to. He is addicted to smoking.
10．当涉及烦恼时，可用被动结构
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed. She is easily upset emotionally. He was vexed at his failure.
He was disturbed to hear of your illness. 11．表示惊讶时，可用被动态结构。 I was astonished to see him there. I am surprised he didn?t come.
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing. He was startled to see her looking so ill.
12．当涉及被围困、被（栅栏）隔开、拦开时，可用被动态结构。 His land is fenced with barbed wire. The troops were surrounded.
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for 10 years. Japan is compassed about by the ocean.
13．当涉及污染、弄脏等意思时，可用被动态结构。 His reputation is tarnished.
My car was mired.
Your fingers are stained with ink.
14．当涉及与混淆有关的意思时，可用被动结构。 I was confused t o hear that.
He was puzzled what to do next.
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions.
They asked so many questions that I got confused. 三、被动语态注意要点：
1. 主动语态的主语是people, they, we, you, one, someone, no one等，如泛指一般人，则改为被动语态时，常常被省略。
They speak Portuguese in Brazil. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil. You should observe this law. This law should be observed.
2. 不及物动词+介词的动词短语， 改为被动语态时，介词不可省略。 Mary laughed at his plan. His plan was laughed at by Mary. I looked down upon them . They are looked down upon by me. 3. 及物动词有两个宾语时，可改为两种被动语态。 They offered her a post in the Cabinet. She was offered a post in the Cabinet.
A post in the Cabinet was offered her.
4. 有些动词以被动语态表主动意义，其后不用by，而用at, in, with, about ,to 等介词。 I am worried about this . This worries me.
John is interested in history. History interests John. Her plan was known to everyone. Everyone knew her plan. 5. 祈使句的被动语态： 肯定祈使句
主动语态：V+O
被动语态：Let + O + be + 过去分词
Bring the man here . let the man be brought here. 否定祈使句
主动语态：Don?t + V + O
被动语态：Don?t let + O +be +过去分词
Don?t forget to bring the cases. Don?t let it be forgotten to bring the cases. 6. 疑问句改为被动语态。
Who broke the window ? By whom was the window broken? Did anyone hear Mike leave the classroom?
Was Mike heard to leave the classroom?
7. 感官动词或使役动词+宾语+原形动词，改为被动语态时，其后的原形动词改为不定式。 We saw Tom enter the room. Tom was seen to enter the room by us. 8. 有宾语补语的句子改为被动语态时，补语放在动词之后。 Everyone expected Emily to marry Mark. Emily was expected by everyone to marry Mark.
II. 历届四级试题中的被动语态：
1.That tree looked as if _____ for a long time. (93/1/52)
A) hasn?t watered B) didn?t water C) hadn?t been watered D) wasn?t watered 2. After _____ for the job, you will be required to take a language test. (93/6/44)
A) being interviewed B) interviewed C) interviewing D) having interviewed 3. Mr. Johnson preferred _____ heavier work to do. (93/6/61)
A) to be given B) to be giving C) to have given D) having given 4. The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _____ . (95/1/41) A) are producing B) are produced C) produced D) being produced 5. It is not unusual for workers in that region _____. (95/1/55)
A) to be paid more than a month late B) to be paid later than more a month
C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay late more than a month 6. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _____.(95/1/58)
A) scolding B) to scold C) having scolded D) scolded 7. o be frank, I?d rather you _____ in the case. (95/1/61)
A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved 8. Mark often attempts to escape _____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (95/6/42)
A) having been fined B) to be fined C) to have been fined D) being fined 9. It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44) A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 10. The fifth generation computers , which artificial intelligence, _____ and perfected now. (96/1/21) A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed 11. Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _____ to the nation. (96/6/24) A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 12.The room is in a terrible mess; it _____ cleaned. (96/6/31)
A) can?t have been B) shouldn?t have been C) mustn?t have been D) wouldn?t have been 13. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our
time. (97/1/40)
A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging 14. It is vital that enough money _____ to fund the project. (97/1/45)
A) be collected B) must be collected C) is collected D) can be collected 15. As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ______. ( 97/6/49) A) ought to be said B) must say C) have to be said D) need to say 16. I don?t think it advisable that Tim _____ to the job since he has no experience. (97/6/55)
A) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned 17. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university _____ . (98/1/33) A) has been accepted B) have been accepted C) was accepted D) were accepted 18. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _____.(98/6/68)
A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off 19. All flights _____ because the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. (99/1/51) A) had been canceled B) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled 20. If the operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43)
A) was not planned B) has not been planned C) were not planned D) had not been planned
21. As Commander-in-chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _____ for our defense. (99/6/62)
A) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken 22. The project _____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city?s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. (99/6/68)
A)being accomplished B) to be accomplished C) accomplished D) having been accomplished 23. Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _____. (99/6/70)
A) appealed B)appreciated C) applied D)approved 24. It is essential that these application forms _____ back as early as possible. (00/1/64)
A)must be sent B) will be sent C)be sent D) are sent 25. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _____ in broad daylight yesterday. (01/1/63)
A)robbed B)to have been robbed C) being robbed D)having been robbed
III. 答案及详解
1. C) 题意：那棵树看上去似乎很长时间没给浇水了。
解析：本题中主句的谓语动词是过去时，而且从句的谓语动词所示动作发生在主句动作之前，因此从句中的谓语动词必须用过去完成时。由于树是浇水动作的承受物，所以只能选择过去完成时的被动形式。 2. A) 题意：在你求职面试之后，还要参加一次语言测试。
解析：在介词after后面应当用动名词。句子的主语是you，因此 应当用被动形式。 3. A) 题意：约翰逊先生宁可有更重的活干。
解析：动词prefer后接名词，动名词或动词不定式，表示宁可，更喜欢。由题意可知，此处应用被动语态。因此选A。
4. B) 题意：这幢灰色的建筑是工人们居住的地方，而那幢白色的建筑是机器零件的生产地。 解析：从句中spare parts和produce是被动关系，因此只能选B
5. A) 题意：那个地方的工人经常一个多月后才能拿到工资。
解析：由于workers和pay之间是被动关系，只能选A）。
6. D) 题意：当被责骂时， Michael总是显得既伤心又惊讶。 解析：Michael与scold之间是被动关系，只有 D） 正确。
7. D) 题意：坦白地说，我宁愿你没有被卷入这个案子。
解析：Would rather 后要用虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反的假设。因此选D)。 8. D) 题意：每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款处分。