解析：句中A) Other things being equal 是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。
6. D) 题意：尽管教授自己很准时，他已经很习惯于学生在他的课上迟到了。
解析：be used to习惯于，该词组中后接动名词，因为迟到的主体是学生所以用 students? being。
7. C) 题意：人们喜欢与他一同工作，因为他具有很强的幽默感。
解析：句中动词appreciate 后需要接动名词作宾语。所以选C)。 8. A) 题意：他们打算明天找电工给办公室安装上一台电扇。
解析：have sb. do意思是找某人做事，注意区别另一个习惯用法：have sth. done请某人把事做了。
9. A) 题意：考虑到所有的因素，原计划的旅行取消了。
解析：All things considered 是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于主体All things和动词consider
之间是被动关系，所以选A)
10. D) 题意：因为暴风雪天气， 所有的航班都取消了。许多旅客只能乘火车。
解析：be used to习惯于，该词组中后接动名词，因为迟到的主体是学生所以用 students? being。 All flights having been canceled 同样是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于主体All flights和动词cancel之间是被动关系所以用被动，同时主句和从句动词之间又先后关系，主句动作发生在从句动作之后，所以用完成时态，选D)。
11. B) 题意：他的话使我怀疑起他的真正目的。
解析：Wondering在句中作宾语补语，由于动词wonder 和主体me之间是主动关系，所以选B)。 12. A) 题意：我从教师和学生那都听到他的好话。
解析：动词hear接不带to的不定式，动词speak和主体teachers and students之间是主动关系，所以选A)。
13. C) 题意：这种庄稼和从前的那种一样，特点相似。二者都有抗风和适应同一种类型的土地的特点。 解析：句中C) being both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil 是分词作定语，修饰the
previous one。
14. B) 题意：将要在2000年末完成的项目，将使城市的电话网覆盖面扩大到一百万。
解析：在这里B) to be accomplished是The project的定语，由于主体The project和动词accomplish
之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；又由于动词accomplish还没有完成，是将要完成，所以要用不定式，故选B)
15. C) 题意：你稍后作出决定我不介意，因为时间还来得及。
解析：句中动词mind后需要接动名词作宾语，又因为delay的主体不是I，而是you，所以选C) your
delaying making。
16. D) 题意：销售活动通常在室外进行， 观众坐在凳子、椅子或盒子上。
解析：句中with the audience seated on benches, chairs or boxes是独立主格结构，在句中作状语。由于动词seated通常用be seated形式，因此选D)。
17. A) 题意：调查表明犯罪在警察那没有记录，因为并不是所有的受害者都会报案的。
解析：在这里A) unrecorded表示主体crimes和动词unrecord之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。 18. B) 题意：我不反对再听一遍你的故事。
解析：动词object和其同跟名词 objection后需要接to+动名词，又因为 object的主体是I，所以选B) to hearing。
19. B) 题意：你在哪都可以看到这种产品的广告。
解析：在这里B) advertised是this product 的定语，由于主体this product 和动词advertise之间是被
动关系，所以用过去分词，故选B)
20. B) 题意：彼得开了一天的车建议能再到一个城镇时停下来休息。 解析：句中动词suggest 后需要接动名词作宾语，所以选B。
21. C) 题意：考虑到他在成员中的威信，他没有被任命为委员会主席。
解析：句中是分词短语作原因状语，动词consider 和主体He之间是被动关系，故要用现在分词的
被动形式。
22. A) 题意：由于在最近的科学竞赛中，三个学生被认为是最优秀的而被授予两万一千美元的全奖奖学金。
解析：在这里分词短语Judged the best in a recent science competition作原因状语，由于动词judge 和
主体the three students 之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词表示被动。
23. C) 题意：我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的情景。
解析：句中动词forget后接动名词表示不会忘记发生的事，所以选C。
24. B) 题意：年轻人仍然否认在商店后点火的事。
解析：句中动词deny后要求接动名词作宾语，所以选B。
25. B) 题意：随着科学和技术的发展，人类使得花朵能在开花期前开花。
解析：Make sb. or sth. do意思是使得某人某事完成某一动作，注意sb. or sth.与动词 do之间是主动
关系；请区别另一个习惯用法：make sth. done 意思是使得某人做事。在这里flowers和 bloom 之间是主动关系，故要选B）。 26. D) 题意：主席答应让所有董事会成员了解谈判进展情况。
解析：在这里分词短语informed of how the negotiations 作宾语补语，由于动词inform和主体all the board members 之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词表示被动，所以选D)。 27. B) 题意：由于所有的任务都提前完成了， 他们决定出去度假一个星期。
解析：All the tasks having been fulfilled ahead of time是独立主格结构，在句中作原因状语。由于主
体All the tasks和动词fulfill之间是被动关系，所以用被动，同时主句和从句动词之间又先后关系，主句动作发生在从句动作之后，所以用完成时态，选B)。
第三讲 倒 装
I.考点分析
英语句子的一般语序为 “主语部分+谓语部分”。 如果在一定条件下，为了达到某些语法或修辞上的效果，改变句子的一般语序，把谓语放在主语的面前，我们称之为倒装（Inverted Order）。倒装又分为完全倒装(Complete Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。
把谓语部分完全放到主语前称为完全倒装， 如Here are some letters for you.
把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，称之为部分倒装， 如Never have I heard such nonsense. 纵观历届CET 4考题，“倒装”是常考的项目。倒装的考察要点有：
1. 以某些副词开头的句子，如：here, now, then, up, down, out, in, 或由副词there, then, now 等引起，谓语动词为come或go，并且主语不是人称代词的句子，应该完全倒装。 例：1) Here comes the bus. 2) There goes your last chance.
3) Out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
4) Up went the rocket carrying the satellite on its top. 2. 有时出于修辞上的考虑可以把表语提前放在主语前面，同时主谓完全倒装。 例：1) Very grateful we are for you help. 2) A very reliable person he is, to be sure.
3) Very important in the farmers? life is the weather report. 3. 代词neither, nor, no more用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，而且时态（包括助动词）必须和前句一致。so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。 例：1) She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.
2) We don?t need air-conditioning, nor can we afford it.
3) The organization had broken no rules but neither had it acted responsibility. 4) John had been working hard and so had his brother. 4. 虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时， were, had 和should 要移至主语之前。 例：1) Had I known it, I should have told him.
2) Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem.
3) Had it not been for the reservoir, we had never have been able to beat the drought. 5. 句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。
例：1) Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party.
2) Not a single book had he read that month. 3) By no means was he able to handle the tough problem. 4) Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
常用于这一结构的词语有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means, hardly/scarcely … when, in vain, much/even/still less, no longer, no sooner… than, not a single word, not a soul, not infrequently, not often, not only… but (also), not until 等。
6. only位于句子开头， 如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。 例：1) Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.
2) Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 3) Only in a few countries does the whole of the population enjoy a reasonable standard of living. 7. so / such …that结构中的 so放在句首时， 需要倒装。 例：1) So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.
2) So proud is the young man that he is reluctant to accept others? opinion.
3) Such a good student was she that all the teachers liked her. 8. 在比较和方式副词从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添加助动词do/did以代替前面已出现过的动词。
例：1) I spend more than do my friends.
2) She traveled a great deal, as did most of her friends.
9. 在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。 例：1) Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.
2) Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.
3) Child as the little girl is, she knows several foreign languages. 10. 句首为many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such extremes, to such lengths, to such a point, with every justification, with good reason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。 例： To such a degree was he excited that he couldn?t go to sleep that night.
11. 当句子没有宾语且主语较长，常可将状语提到句子前头，主谓完全倒装。 例：1) After them came in the host and the hostess. 2) To the list may be added the following names.
3) On every side stretched fields of green wheat.
同样地，也可以把表语和系动词提到主语前面，表语可以是介词短语， 形容词，副词或分词。 例：1) Around the lake are 21 state farms.
2) Worst of all were their living standards.
3) Seated on the ground are a group of young men playing chess. 12. 在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。 例：1) May you live a long and happy life! 2) Long live the People?s Republic of China!
II. 历届四级试题中的倒装句及相关练习:
1. She never laughed, _____ lose her temper. (90/ 01/ 59) A) or she ever did
B) nor did she ever
C) or did she ever
D) nor she ever did
2. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _____ we all sat down to rest. (91/06/62) A) when B) then C) than D) until
3. _____ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now. (93/01/61) A) Had it not been B) It were not C) Weren?t it D) Had not it been 4.We don't need air conditioning, _____. (94/01/ 57)
A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford it
C) neither can afford it D) and we can neither afford it
5.I could not persuade him to accept it, ______ make him see the importance of it. (95/01/42) A) if only I could not B) no more than I could C) or I could not D) nor could I
6. _____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/01/47) A) Not being B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been
7. _____ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96/01/26) A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published 8. The organization had broken no rules, but ______ had it acted responsibly. (96/01 /33) A) neither
B)so
C)either
D)both
9. _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/06/42) A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left
10. _____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97/01/34) A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive
11. Only under special circumstances _____ to take make-up tests. (97/06/43) A) are freshmen permitted C) permitted are freshmen B) freshmen are permitted D) are permitted freshmen
12. We have been told that under no circumstances _____ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. (99/06/60)
A) may we use B) we may use C) we could use D) did we use 13. So confused _____ that he didn?t know how to start his lecture. A) since he became B) would he become C) that he became D) did he become
14. Little _____ that John would become a famous writer. A) we thought B) we think C) did we think D) we think of
15. Not only _____ us light, but it gives us heat. A) did the sun give B) the sun gives C) gives the sun D) does the sun give 16. Above the land and water _____ with a depth estimated to be from 50 to 200 miles. A) a layer of air is B) will a layer of air be C) a layer of air be D) is a layer of air
17. _____, Tom knows something of electricity. A) As he is a child B) As child he is C) As child is he D) Child as he is
18. When I grew up, during severe winter snow storms, schools would close, _____ post offices and other government offices. A) similar to B) as would C) such as D) like
19. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge _____ fulfill the task. A) you may B) should you C) can you D) you can 20. Up went the prices and _____.
A) the living standard came down C) down the living standard came B) came down the living standard D) down came the living standard
III. 答案及详解：
1. B) 题意：她从来不笑，也不发脾气。 解析：nor 表示“也不”， 用倒装语序。
2. C) 题意：我们一到山顶，就都坐下来休息。
解析：此处构成no sooner … than， 表示“一 ?就”。no sooner 后通常用过去完成时，且用倒装语序。
3. A) 题意：要不是因为你懒，否则你早就完成作业了。
解析：此句属于虚拟语气条件从句中省略if 的情况， 须将句中谓语动词的部分提前。
4. A) 题意：我们不需要空调，我们也买不起。 解析：nor 表示“也不”， 用倒装语序。
5. D) 题意：我不能劝服他接受它，我也不能使他看到它的重要性。 解析：nor 表示“也不”， 用倒装语序。
6. B) 题意：要不是因为我生病了，否则我一定帮他忙。
解析：此句属于虚拟语气条件从句中省略if 的情况， 须将句中谓语动词的部分提前。
7. B) 题意：尽管是在这时候出版，他的作品仍引起了广泛关注。
解析：在as 引导的让步状语从句中，表语状语须提到as前，而且由于主从句的时态均为一般过去
时，故只有B) 正确。
8. A) 题意：这个组织没有违反什么规则，但它也没有履行其责任。 解析：neither “两者都不”，符合题意。
9. C) 题意：要是她立刻出发，她能于星期日到达。
解析：此处是if 条件状语从句虚拟语的情况，若if省略，则必须将句中谓语动词的部分提前。故C
正确。
10. D) 题意：如果他们在我们后天离开之前赶到，我们就隆重地开个晚餐会。
解析：此处是if 条件状语从句虚拟语的情况，若if省略，则必须将句中谓语动词的部分提前。
11. A) 题意：只有在特殊情况下，才允许新生补考。
解析：句首为only＋ under special circumstances引导的状语，在这种情况下主句必须用部分倒装语
序。
12. A) 题意：我们被告知在任何情况下都不能用办公室的电话谈私事。
解析：宾语从句的开头为带否定意义的状语词组，所以应采用部分倒装的形式，同时从句的时态与主句保持一致。
13. D) 题意：他是如此混乱一致于不知道如何开始演讲。
解析：此句为so …that结构中的so放于句首的情况，需要倒装。 14. C) 题意：我们都不大相信约翰会成为一位著名作家。
解析：句首为否定副词little作状语，句子要部分倒装。
15. D) 题意：太阳不仅给予我们光，也给予我们热。
解析：not only… but(also) 结构放于句首，not only 后面的句子要倒装。
16. D) 题意：陆地和水的上方是厚度估计有50到200英里的大气层。
解析：副词短语结构置于句首 17. D) 题意：他尽管是个孩子，但却知道一些电的知识。
解析：as引导让步状语从句中，名词应移至从句之首，起强调作用。
18. C) 题意：在我孩童时代，有冬天剧烈的暴风雪时，学校会关闭，邮局和其他政府部门也会关闭。
解析：此处为as引导的方式副词从句， 主语不是人称代词，谓语部分除助动词would外其余省略，
故可用倒装语序。
19. C) 题意：只有当你掌握了足够的知识你才能完成这项任务。
解析：only 位于句子开头，修饰状语从句，句子要倒装。
20. D) 题意：价格上涨了，生活水平下降了。
解析：以副词up作为句子开头，且主语不是人称代词，故句子要倒装。
第四讲 状语从句
I. 考点分析
状语从句可用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步等。 1．时间状语从句
1) 常见关联词有 when, whenever, while, as, before, after 等。
2）注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。 He didn?t go to sleep until he had finished his homework. （正常结构）