英语三级考试讲义
句子成分简介：
主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east.
Who will be our monitor hasn?t been decided yet. （主语从句） 谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征 We study English. 宾语：
1)动作的承受者——动宾 I like China.
2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾 Are you afraid of the snake?
3) 双宾语——间宾(指人)和直宾(指物) He gave me a book yesterday.
I want to know what they?re talking about.（宾语从句）
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来)， look(看起来)， feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)， remain(保持，仍是)， feel(感觉) , turn(变成）。
表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. Five and five is ten. He is asleep.
The food tastes good.
This is what I want.（表语从句）
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor.
We all think it a pity that she didn?t come here. We will make them happy. We found nobody in.
Please make yourself at home.
Don?t let him do that. (省to不定式) 主补：对主语的补充。 He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world. (数词)
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He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词) The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Cla2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词) The next train to arrive is from Washington. (不定式) You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子， 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式或让步。 I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn?t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词, 对前者加以说明的成分。同位语只有主语和宾语才有，由名词性短语充当。
1. 单词作同位语：
This is my friend Tom. 2. 短语作同位语
I, the oldest boy in the family, always had to care for the other children. 3. 直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to his mind, “Does she really love him?” 4. 句子作同位语
The news that he was married is not true.
主句与从句：
从句前面一般必须有关联词（what, when, though, that, who,because等来引导，而主句前一般不用任何关联词 。
Who will be our monitor hasn?t been decided yet. （主语从句） I want to know what they?re talking about.（宾语从句 一．语法
1.1 动词的时态 (以主语I为例) 时间 一般 过去 现在 一般过去时 I studied 一般现在时 I study 进行 过去进行时 I was studying 现在进行时 I am studying 2
状态 完成 过去完成时 I had studied 现在完成时 I have studied 过去完成进行时I had been studying
现在完成进行时I have been studying 将来 一般将来时 I will study 一般过去将来时 I would study 将来进行时 I will be studying 过去将来进行时 I would be studying 将来完成时 I will have studied 过去将来完成时 I would have studied 将来完成进行时I will have been studying 在过去看将来 过去将来完成进行时I would have been studying 1.1.1一般现在时
1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。 例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。 例：I don?t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。 （1）They will go home for winter vacation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished
D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题）
（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat
B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated （答案：C）（1992年59题） 1.1.2 一般过去时 1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8 years old等。
例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week. A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed
（答案：A。有具体的表示过去的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题） 2、used to do sth：过去常常做…（暗示现在不做了） 例：I used to take a walk in the morning. 我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）
3、it is (high) time（that）…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。(这其实是个虚拟语气) 例：Don?t you think it is time you _____ smoking? A. give up B. gave up
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C. would give up D. should give up （答案：B）（1999年31题）
例：It?s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do B. will do C. did D. must do （答案：C）（1996年43题）
4.would rather＋句子（过去时/过去完成时）（这也是虚拟语气）
（1）如果表示现在或将来要做的事情,从句的谓语动词用一般过去式. I'd rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. (将来) 我但愿你明天早上能在机场见到他. I'd rather we had a rest now .(现在) 我希望我们现在休息一下.
（2）.如果谈论过去动作,从句的谓语动词用过去完成式. I'd rather you hadn't told him the news that day. (过去) 我宁可你那天没有把那消息告诉他.
例：I?d _____ you didn?t touch that, if you don?t mind. A. rather B. better C. happier D. further
（答为案：A）（1998年45题）
例：I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner. A. come
B. would come C. came
D. have come （答案为C）（2002年46题）
??1.1.3一般将来时
1.will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。 例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。
2.be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。 例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？ 3.be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。
例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。
4.be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。 例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在 进 行时可表示将来。 例：（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。
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（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight. 外宾今晚到达济南。
1.1.4过去将来时
表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。 例：He wanted to know when the conference would start. 他想知道会议何时开始。
注：在时间或条件状语从句中，将来时要用一般时来表示。 例：If you come here on time tomorrow, I will be very happy. 例：（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams. A. have finished B. finish C. finished
D. was finishing （答案：B）（1996年22题） 例：（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force. A. will heat
B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated （答案：C）（1992年59题）
例：(3) Smith is to study medicine as soon as he ______ military service. A. will finish B. has finished C. finish D.would finish (选b, 1993年第40题) 例：（4）Please be sure to telephone me the next time you ______.
A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come (D. 1993年第49题)
1.1.5现在进行时
1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。
例：The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。 2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。
例：I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。
1.1.6过去进行时
1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。
例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。
2、when 和while 的用法
（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis. A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played
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