Passage1
Adividebetweenaestheticandtechnicalconsiderationshasplayedacrucialroleinmapmakingandcartographicscholarship.Sincenineteenthcenturycartographers,forinstance,understoodthemselvesastechnicianswhodidnotcareaboutvisualeffects,whileotherssawthemselvesaslandscapepainters.Thatdichotomystructuredthedisciplineofthehistoryofcartography.Untilthe1980s,inwhatBlakemoreandHarleycalled“theOldisBeautifulParadigm,”scholarslargelyfocusedonmapsmadebefore1800,marvelingattheirbeautyandsometimesregrettingthedeclineofthepre-technicalage.Earlymapmakingwasconsideredartwhilemoderncartographywaslocatedwithintherealmofengineeringutility.Alpers,however,hasarguedthatthisboundarywouldhavepuzzledmapmakersintheseventeenthcentury,becausetheyconsideredthemselvestobevisualengineers.
1.Accordingtothepassage,Alperswouldsaythattheassumptionsunderlyingthe“paradigm”were
A.inconsistentwiththewaysomemapmakerspriorto1800understandtheirownwork
B.dependentonaseventeenth-centuryconceptionofmapmakingvisualengineering
C.unconcernedwiththedifferencebetweentheaestheticandtechnicalquestionsofmapmaking
D.insensitivetodivisionsamongcartographersworkingintheperiodafter1800
E.supportedbythedemonstrabletechnicalsuperiorityofmapmakingmadeafter1800
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,beginninginthe1980s,historiansofcartography
A.placedgreateremphasisonthebeautyofmapsmadeafter1800
B.expandedtheirrangeofstudytoincludemorematerialcreatedafter1800
C.grewmoresensitivetothewaymapmakerspriorto1800conceivedoftheirwork
D.cametoseethevisualdetailsofmapsasaestheticobjectsratherthanpracticalcartographicaids
E.reducedtheattentiontheypaidtothetechnicalaspectsofmapmaking答案：AB
Passage2
Mostmammalsreachsexualmaturitywhentheirgrowthratesareindecline,whereashumansexperienceagrowthspurtduringadolescence.
1Whetherapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurtisstillundecided.Inthe1950s,dataoncaptivechimpanzeescollectedbyJamesGavanappeareddevoidofevidenceofanadolescentgrowthspurtintheseapes.InarecentreanalysisofGavan’sdata,however,zoologistElizabethWattshasfoundthataschimpanzeesreachsexualmaturity,thegrowthrateoftheirlimbsaccelerates.Mostbiologists,however,areskepticalthatthisisahumanlikeadolescentgrowthspurt.Whilethehumanadolescentgrowthspurtisphysicallyobviousandaffectsvirtuallytheentirebody,thechimpanzee’sincreasedgrowthrateisdetectableonlythroughsophisticatedmathematicalanalysis.Moreover,accordingtoscientistHollySmith,thegrowthrateincreaseinchimpanzeesbeginswhen86%offullskeletalgrowthhasbeenattained,whereashumanadolescencegenerallycommenceswhen77percentoffullskeletalgrowthhasoccurred.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?A.Researchershavelongdisagreedaboutwhetherdatacollectedinthe1950sindicatethatchimpanzeesandotherapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurt.
B.Researchdatacollectedonchimpanzeeslivingincaptivityareinconclusivewithrespecttochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.
C.Thenotionthatapesdonotexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurthasbeenconfirmedbyresearchconductedsince.
D.Althoughtheideathatapesexperienceanadolescentgrowthhasreceivedsomesupport,mostbiologistsremainunconvinced.
E.Althoughresearchersagreethatchimpanzeesdonotexperienceanadolescentgrowthspurt,theyaredividedintheiropinionsofwhetherthisistrueofotherapes.
2.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasoneofthereasonswhymostbiologistsremainskepticalthatchimpanzeesexperienceahumanlikeadolescentgrowthspurt?
A.Chimpanzeesdonotexperienceademonstrableincreaseingrowthrateuntiltheyarefullysexuallymature.
B.Theincreaseingrowthratethatchimpanzeesundergoatsexualmaturityislessapparentthanthatofhumans.
C.Theincreaseingrowthrateonceregardedasahumanlikeadolescentgrowthspurtinchimpanzeesistoosporadictoberegardedassignificant.
D.Notallchimpanzeesundergoacalculablegrowthspurt.
E.Watt’sapproachtoanalyzingdataisconsideredtobehighlyunorthodox.
3.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheadolescentgrowthspurtthattakesplaceinhumans?
A.Itsprimaryeffectsarefoundinpartsofthebodyotherthanthelimbs.
B.Itisgenerallycompletedbythetime77percentoffullskeletalgrowthisattained.
2C.Itisnormallydetectablewithouttheassistanceofsophisticatedmathematicalanalysis.
D.Therateofgrowthismuchfasteratthebeginningofpubertythanatanyothertime.
E.Theestimatedgrowthratevariesdependingonthemethodsofmeasurementthatareused.
答案：D
B
C
Passage3
Manyculturalanthropologistshavecometorejectthescientificframeworkofempiricismthatdominatedthefielduntilthe1970sandnowregardallscientificknowledgeassociallyconstructed.Theyarguethatinformationaboutculturesduringtheempiricisteratypicallycamefromanthropologistswhobroughtwiththemaprepackagedsetofconsciousandunconsciousbiases.Culturalanthropology,accordingtothepost-1970scritique,isunavoidablysubjective,andtheanthropologistshouldbeexplicitinacknowledgingthatfact.Anthropologyshouldstopstrivingtobuildabetterdatabaseaboutculturalbehaviorandshouldturntodevelopingamorehumanisticinterpretationofcultures.Thenewframeworkholdsthatitmaybemoreenlighteningtoinvestigatethebiasesofearliertextsthantocontinuewithempiricalmethodologies.
1.Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutmostculturalanthropologistsworkingpriortothe1970s?
A.Theyarguedthatscientificknowledgewassociallyconstructed.
B.Theywereexplicitinacknowledgingthebiasesinherentinscientificinvestigation.
C.Theyregardedscientificknowledgeasconsistingofempiricaltruths.
D.Theysharedthesameconsciousandunconsciousbiases.E.Theyacknowledgedtheneedforanewscientificframework.
2.Accordingtothepassage,“manyculturalanthropologists”todaywouldagreethatanthropologistsshould
A.buildabetter,lesssubjectivedatabaseaboutculturalbehaviorB.strivetoimprovetheempiricalmethodologiesuseduntilthe1970sC.rejectthenotionthatscientificknowledgeissociallyconstructedD.turntoexaminingolderanthropologicaltextsforunacknowledgedbiases
E.integratehumanisticinterpretationswithempiricalmethodologies
答案：CD
Passage4
Writingaboutnineteenth-centurywomen’stravelwriting,LilaHarper
3notesthatthefourwomenshediscussedusedtheirownnames,incontrastwiththenineteenth-centuryfemalenovelistswhoeitherpublishedanonymouslyorusedmalepseudonyms.Thenovelistsdoubtlessrealizedthattheywerebreakingboundaries,whereasthreeofthefourdaring,solitarytravelersespousedtraditionalvalues,eschewingradicalismandwomen’smovements.Whereasthefemalenovelistscriticizedtheirsociety,thefemaletravelersseemedcontenttoleavesocietyasitwaswhileaccomplishingtheirownliberation.Inotherwords,theylivedacontradiction.ForthesubjectsofHarper’sstudy,solitudeinboththeprivateandpublicspheresprevailed—asolitudethatconferredauthority,hithertoamaleprerogative,butthatalsoprecludedanycollectiveactionorfemalesolidarity.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthe“contradiction”thattheauthorrefersto?
A.ThesubjectsofHarper’sstudyenjoyedsolitude,andyetastravelerstheywereoftenamongpeople.
B.Nineteenth-centurytravelwritersusedtheirownnames,butnineteenth-centurynovelistsusedpseudonyms.
C.Women’smovementsinthenineteenth-centurywerenotveryradicalincomparisonwiththoseofthetwentieth-century.
D.Nineteenth-centuryfemalenoveliststhoughttheywerebreakingboundaries,butitwasthenineteenth-centurywomenwhotraveledalonewhowerereallydoingso.
E.Whiletravelingaloneinthenineteenth-centurywasconsideredaradicalactforawoman,thenineteenth-centurysolitaryfemaletravelersgenerallyheldconventionalviews.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Accordingtothepassage,solitudehadwhichofthefollowingeffectsforthenineteenthcenturyfemaletravelers?
A.Itconferredanauthoritytypicallyenjoyedonlybymen.B.Itpreventedformationofallianceswithotherwomen.C.Itrelievedpeerpressuretoconformtotraditionalvalues.
答案：ABE
Passage5
Althoughvastlypopularduringitstime,muchnineteenth-centurywomen’sfictionintheUnitedStateswentunreadbythetwentieth-centuryeducatedelite,whoweretaughttoignoreitasdidactic.However,AmericanliteraturehasatraditionofdidacticismgoingbacktoitsPuritanroots,shiftingovertimefromsermonsandpoetictranscriptsintonovels,whichprovedtobeperfectvehiclesforconveyingsocialvalues.Inthenineteenthcentury,criticsreviledPoeforneglectingtoconcludehisstorieswithpithy
4moraltags,whileLongfellowwascanonizedforhisdidacticverse.Althoughrhetoricalchangesfavoringtheanti-didacticcanbedetectedasnineteenth-centuryAmericantransformeditselfintoasecularsociety,itwastwentieth-centurycriticism,whichplacedaestheticvalueaboveeverythingelse,thathadnoplaceinitsdoctrineforthedidacticismofothers.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?
A.Itexplainswhythefictionmentionedinthefirstsentencewasnotpopularinthetwentiethcentury.
B.Itassistsindrawingacontrastbetweennineteenth-centuryandtwentieth-centurycritics.
C.Itprovidesanexampleofhowtwentieth–centuryreadersweretaughttoignorecertainliterature.
D.ItquestionstheusefulnessofaparticulardistinctionbetweenPoeandLongfellowmadebycritics.
E.ItexplainswhyPoe’sstoriesweremorepopularthanLongfellow’sverseduringthenineteenthcentury.
2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“conveying”mostnearlymeansA.carryingB.transferringC.grantingD.impartingE.projecting
答案：DB
Passage6
DuringthePleistoceneepoch,severalspeciesofelephantsisolatedonislandsunderwentrapiddwarfing.ThisphenomenonwasnotnecessarilyconfinedtothePleistocene,butmayhaveoccurredmuchearlierintheSoutheasternAsianislands,althoughevidenceisfragmentary.Severalexplanationsarepossibleforthisdwarfing.Forexample,islandsoftenhavenotbeencolonizedbylargepredatorsoraretoosmalltoholdviablepredatorpopulations.Oncefreefrompredationpressure,largebodysizeisoflittleadvantagetoherbivores.Additionally,islandhabitatshavelimitedfoodresources,asmallerbodysizeandaneedforfewerresourceswouldthusbefavored.Interestingly,theislandruleisreversedforsmallmammalssuchasrodents,forwhichgigantismisfavoredunderinsularconditions.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
A.questiontheplausibilityofoneexplanationsometimesofferedforthedwarfingofcertainspecieslivingonislands
B.arguethatdwarfingofcertainspecieslivingonislandsoccurred
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