A.ProlificB.SophisticC.RamblingD.AnalyticalE.Circuitous答案：ABCD
Passage29
SomearchaeologistsspeculatethattheAmericasmighthavebeeninitiallycolonizedbetween40,000and25,000yearsago.However,tosupportthistheoryitisnecessarytoexplaintheabsenceofgenerallyacceptedhabitationsitesforthattimeintervalinwhatisnowtheUnitedStates.Australia,whichhasasmallerlandareathantheUnitedStates,hasmanysuchsites,supportingthegenerallyacceptedclaimthatthecontinentwascolonizedbyhumansatleast40,000yearsago.Australiaislessdenselypopulated(resultinginlowerchancesofdiscoveringsites)andwithitsoverallgreaterariditywouldhavepresentedconditionslessfavorableforhunter-gathereroccupation.Proportionally,atleastasmuchlandareahasbeenlostfromthecoastalregionsofAustraliabecauseofpostglacialsea-levelriseasintheUnitedStates,soanycoastalarchaeologicalrecordinAustraliashouldhavebeendepletedaboutasmuchasacoastalrecordintheUnitedStates.Sincetherearesomanyresource-richriversleadinginlandfromtheUnitedStatescoastlines,itseemsimplausiblethatagrowingpopulationofhumanswouldhaveconfineditselftocoastsforthousandsofyears.Ifinhabitantswerepresent25,000yearsago,thechancesoftheirappearinginthearchaeologicalrecordwouldseemtobegreaterthanforAustralia.
1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichofthefollowing?
A.PresentinganobjectiontoaclaimB.AccountingforanapparentanomalyC.OutlininganalternativeinterpretationD.CorrectingaparticularmisconceptionE.Questioningthevalidityofacomparison
2.Theauthorofthepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabout25,000yearsago?
A.ThecoastlineoftheregionthatisnowtheUnitedStatesislongerthanitwas40,000yearsago.
B.RiversinwhatisnowtheUnitedStateswerenumerousthantheyarenow.
C.AustraliawaslessdenselypopulatedatthattimethanwastheregionthatisnowtheUnitedStates.
D.Australia’sclimatewassignificantlydrierthanitisnow.E.Globalsealevelwaslowerthanitisnow.
263.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthat,inwhatisnowtheUnitedStates,archaeologicalevidenceofinhabitationintheperiodfrom40,000to25,000yearsagoislackingbecausethatregionis
A.haditsoldesthabitationsitesinundatedfollowingapostglacialriseinsealevel
B.hasmanyresource-richriversthatfacilitatedthedispersalofearlyinhabitantsfromaninitialconcentrationincoastalareas
C.wassparselypopulateduntilabout25,000yearsagoD.wascolonizedlessthan25,000yearsago
E.wasinhabitedonlybyhunter-gatherersuntil25,000yearsago
答案：AED
Passage30
Animalslivelongerwhentheircalorieintakeisrestrictedtotwo-thirdsofwhatisconsiderednormalfortheirspecies.Animalssorestrictedarealsogenerallyhealthier:mostdisease,includingcancer,diabetes,andneurodegenerativeillness,areforestalled.(Q2)Thisphenomenonwaslongattributedtoasimpleslowingofmetabolism(cells’productionofenergyfromfuelmolecules)andconsequentreproductionofitstoxicby-productsinresponsetolessfood.Infact,however,calorierestrictiondoesnotslowmammalianmetabolism,and(Q1)inyeastandworms,metabolismisbothspedupandaltered.Somescientistsnowtheorizethatcalorierestrictionisabiologicalstressorthat,likenaturalfoodscarcity,inducesamorecomplexdefensiveresponse,whichinmammalsincludeschangesincellulardefensesandrepair.
1.Inthepassage,thefunctionofthehighlightedportionisto
A.Providespecificexamplesoforganismswhoselongevitydoesnotincreaseinresponsetocalorierestriction.
B.Illustratetheprobablemeansbywhichorganismsplacedonacalorie-restrictiondietcompensateforthereductioninavailablefood-basedlevel.
C.Suggestthemechanismthatisresponsibleforprolongingthelifeoforganismwhosecalorieintakeissignificantlyreduced.
D.Giveanexamplethatexplainwhyscientists’thinkingaboutthephysiologicaleffectsofcalorierestrictionchanged.
E.Distinguishthedifferentwaysthatmammalianandnon-mammalianmetabolismsrespondtosignificantreductionsincalorieintake
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Thepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingabouttheexplanationmentionedinthehighlightedtext?
A.Thereareempiricalfindingsthatconflictwithapresumptionoftheexplanation.
B.Theexplanationpredictsthattheeffectofcalorierestrictiononlongevitywillbethegreatestforthespecieswiththehighestrateof
27metabolism.
C.Theexplanationpredictsthattheeffectsofcalorierestrictionwillbeuniformlypositive.
答案：DA
Passage31
The“deindustrialization”thesisofBluestoneandHarrisonassertsthatthereplacementofdomesticwithforeignmanufacturingbegunbyUnitedStatescorporationsinthelate1960sresultedina“hollowingout”ofAmericanindustry,wherebyworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingjobsthroughmassiveplantclosingsfoundthemselvesmovingmoreorlesspermanentlyintolower-paying,lesssecurejobsorintounemployment.Criticsofthedeindustrializationthesishavearguedthatnewserviceandhigh-technologysectorsoftheUnitedStateseconomyhaverecentlycreatedasubstantialnumberofjobs.Whilethesecriticsdonotdenythepainfulaspectsofthistransitionfromanindustrialtoaservice-andinformation-basedeconomy,theyarguethatitwillbeshort-term,andanecessaryeviliftheUnitedStatesistohavelong-termincreasesinlivingstandards.Criticsoftheemergingeconomy,however,pointtodisturbingevidenceofan“hourglass”effect:ashrinkingmiddletierofmanagerialandblue-collarunionizedworkersandconsequentpolarizationofincomes.Theemergenceofatechnicalandfinancialelite,theyargue,hasbroughtforthahostoflow-wagejobstoservicetheneweconomy,anditisthisservicesectorthatmanyex-industrialworkersmustseek.
1.Thepurposeofthepassageisto
A.analyzetheeventsthatcontributedtoaneconomicphenomenonB.presentdifferentviewsonthenatureandimpactofaneconomicphenomenon
C.distinguishbetweentheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofaneconomicphenomenon
D.challengeadominanttheoryabouthowtosolvetheproblemscreatedbyaneconomicphenomenon
E.presentnewevidencetosuggestthataneconomicphenomenonismorecomplexthanhadpreviouslybeenbelieved
2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosttendtoweakenthedeindustrializationthesisofBluestoneandHarrison?
A.asurveyofthespousesofformerindustrialworkersrevealsasignificantincreaseinthenumberofworkingspousessincethemid-1960s.
B.datafromthemostrecentUnitedStatescensusshowthatfewerindividualslisttheiroccupationasindustrialworkerthaninthecensusfromtenyearsearlier.
C.arandomsurveyofUnitedStatesconsumersindicatesthatamajorityofthosesurveyedwouldprefertobuyUnitedStates-manufacturing
28goodsifgiventheopportunity.
D.Arecentstudyindicatesthatlargenumbersofformerindustrialworkershaveretrainedandfoundemploymentasskilled,highly-paidcomputerworkers.
E.InterviewswithrepresentativesatmajoragenciesfortemporaryemploymentintheUnitedStatessuggestthattheyvaluetheskillsofformerindustrialworkers.
3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthehighlighted“critics”believewhichofthefollowingabout“hourglass”effect?
A.Itinvolvestherelegationofindustrialworkerstolessdesirablejobs.B.Itrequiresthatworkersmakeshort-termsacrificestoachievelong-termgains.
C.Itaffectsnon-unionizedworkersmorestronglythanitdoesunionizedworkers.
D.Itrepresentsanincreaseinunemploymentforthoseintheservicesector.
E.Itthreatensthestatusofthetechnologicalandfinancialelite.
答案：BDA
Passage32
SomehistoriansquestionthewidelyheldbeliefthatcontinuallyimprovingeducationledtogradualAfricanAmericanempowermentinthesouthernUnitedStatesfromthelatenineteenthcenturythroughthemid-twentiethcentury.TheynotethatthedevelopmentofBlackeducationalinstitutionsinthesegregatedSouthwasneverrapidorsteady:disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.AndAfricanAmericans’educationalgainsdidnotbringcommensurateeconomicgains.Startinginthe1940s,evenasBlackandWhiteschoolsintheSouthmovedsteadilytowardequality,Blacksouthernersremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscrimination.AlthoughBlackschoolshadachievednearparitywithWhiteschoolsinpercapitaspendingandteachers’salariesby1965,AfricanAmericans’incomestilllaggedbehindthatofWhites.Nonetheless,educationalprogressdidcontributetowardeconomicandpoliticalempowerment.AfricanAmericans’campaignstosupportBlackschoolsfosteredasenseofcommunity,nurturedpoliticaldetermination,andoftenincreasedliteracy.Moresignificantly,politicallyoutspokenBlacknewspapersachievedrecordcirculationduringthe1940s,justastheliteracyrateamongAfricanAmericansapproached90percent.Finally,theleadershipoftheCivilRightsmovementofthe1960swascomposedlargelyofgraduatesofBlackcolleges.
1.Theauthorofthepassagereferstothefactthat“disparitiesbetweenBlackandWhiteschoolssometimesgrewintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury”mostlikelyinorderto
29A.supporttheargumentthattheeconomicstrugglesofsouthernBlackswerelargelyduetoeducationalinequalities
B.giveanexampleofthedifferencesbetweenBlackschoolsintheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturyandBlackschoolsstartinginthe1940s
C.illustratetheunevennessoftheprogressmadebyBlackschoolsinthesouthernUnitedStates
D.helpexplainwhyBlackremainedpoliticallymarginalizedandexperiencedsystematicjobdiscriminationinthesegregatedSouth
E.provideevidencethateducationalprogresswasapreconditionforeconomicprogressinthesegregatedSouth
2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepurposeofthehighlightedsentence?
A.Itclarifiesapointintroducedintheprecedingsentence.
B.Itreiteratesapointintroducedinthefirstsentenceofthepassage.C.Itquestionstheaccuracyofsomeoftheevidenceusedtosupporttheargumentofthehistorians.
D.Itintroducesaperspectivethatrunscontrarytotheviewofthosewhoendorsethe“belief.”
E.Itqualifiestheinterpretationmadebythehistorians.
3.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheCivilRightsmovement?
A.ItgaverisetoarapidincreaseinthenumberofBlacknewspaperspublishedintheSouth.
B.ItspoliticaleffectivenesswasgreatlyenhancedbytheincreasedcirculationofBlacknewspapers.
C.ItsleadershipbenefitedfromimprovementsineducationforAfricanAmericans.
D.ItwastheforceprimarilyresponsibleforincreasingpercapitaspendinginBlackschools.
E.Itwasresponsibleforchangingmanyhistorians’viewoftherelationbetweeneducationandAfricanAmericanempowerment.
答案：CEC
Passage33
Aninfluentialearlyviewheldthatecosystemscontainnichesforalimitednumberofspeciesandthatcompetitionforresourcesamongspecies—whethernativeornonnativeinvadingones—determinesecosystems’speciescomposition.However,factorsotherthancompetitionoftenhelpexplaininvadingspecies’success.Forexample,theAmericangreysquirrel,oftencitedasaclassicexampleofcompetitivelysuperiorinvadingspecies,wasintroducedinEnglandin1876andnowthrives,whilethenativeredsquirrelpopulationhasdeclined.Althoughscientistshavefoundgraysquirrelstobemoreefficientforagersthanredones,theyalsonotethatevenbeforethegraysquirrel’sarrival,Britain’sredsquirrel
30