1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?
A.Itrefutesthepossibilityofaconnectionbetweentwoeventspreviouslythoughttoberelated.
B.Itdescribeshowahypothesismightaccountforthetimingofaphenomenondescribedearlierinthepassage
C.Itpresentsevidencethatcastsdoubtonastatementmadeinthefirstsentenceofthepassage
D.Itclarifiesadistinctionbetweentworelatedhypotheses
E.Itintroducesfindingsthatchallengeadominantexplanationforaparticularphenomenon
2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutmethanogens?
A.MethanogensmusthaveappearedonEarthlaterthan2.3billionyearsago.
B.MethanogensmusthavebeenmuchmoreprevalentinsomeregionsoftheearlyEarththaninothers.
C.MethanogensproduceagreenhousegasthatismoresusceptibletodestructionbytheSun’sultraviolentraysthanisammonia.
D.MethanogenscouldnothavethrivedinearlyEarth’satmospherewithoutthepresenceofammonia.
E.MethanogenswouldhavehadalesssignificanteffectonearlyEarth’satmosphereiftheyhadevolvedaftertheappearanceofcyanobacteria.
答案：BE
Passage24
Someresearchersclaimthatcetaceans—whalesanddolphins—haveculture,whichtheresearchersdefineastheabilitytolearnfromoneanother.Skeptics,however,demandclearevidencethatcetaceanscanacquirenewbehaviorsthroughsomeformofsociallearning,preferablyclear-cutinstancesofimitationorteaching.Butsuchevidenceisdifficulttoobtain.Whilefewpeopledoubtthatcaptivecetaceansareadeptatimitationorthattheyreproducebehaviorstaughtbyresearchers,biologistsseekinginsightintocetaceans’behaviorintheirnaturalhabitatsmustrelyondeductionratherthanexperiments.Ifmembersofaparticulargroupsharebehaviorsthatdonotresultfromgeneticinheritanceorenvironmentalvariation,thentheyhavealmostcertainlylearnedthembywatching,following,orlisteningtootheranimals.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribethefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?
A.Itidentifiesafactorthatcomplicatesbiologists’abilitytodrawconclusionsaboutthebehaviorofcetaceansintheirnaturalenvironments.
B.Itillustratesthekindofdeductionmentionedinthepreceding
21sentence.
C.Itexplainswhyskepticshaveremainedunpersuadedbyevidencethathasbeenputforwardinsupportoftheclaimthatcetaceanshaveculture.
D.Itintroducesaclaimthatwouldbedismissedbybothsupportersandopponentsoftheviewthatcetaceanshaveculture.
E.Itnotesapreviouslyoverlookedfactorthatmightshedlightonthequestionofwhethercetaceanshaveculture.
2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcaptivecetaceans?
A.Whethertheyareengagedinsociallearningisasubjectofdisagreementamongbiologists.
B.Theirabilitytoimitatenewbehaviorsismoreextensivethanthatofnoncaptivecetaceans.
C.Theyexhibitfewbehaviorsthathavenotalsobeenobservedincetaceansintheirnaturalhabitats.
D.Theyappeartoadoptnewbehaviorsmorequicklythannoncaptivecetaceans.
E.Theyexhibittendenciesthatsuggestacapacityforthekindofbehaviorthatqualifiesascultural.
答案：BE
Passage25
HotterandmoremassivethantheSun,starscalled“stragglers”arepuzzlingtoastronomersbecausesuchrapidlyburningstarswouldnotbeexpectedtopersistinancientstarclusters.Someresearchersbelievethatthetypicalbluestragglersformedwhentwoancient,lower-massstarscollideandmergeformmoremassive,hotterstar.PeterLeonardtheorizesalternativelythatinlowdensityglobularclusters,wheremergersbetweensinglestarsoccurtooinfrequentlytoaccountfortheobservedquantityofbluestragglers,thesestragglersarecreatedinsteadbyagroupofstars.Hesuggeststhatapairofstarsalreadyorbitingeachotherpresentsalargertargetforathirdstaroranotherpair.Oncethisnewgroupingforms,closeencountersbetweenthestarscouldpromptanytwotomergeasabluestraggler.Leonard’smodelpredictsthateachbluestragglerhasadistantorbitingcompanion—asappearstrueofmanybluestragglersintheM67clusteroftheMilkyWaygalaxy.
1.Thereferencetoa“largertarget”servesprimarilytosuggestwhyaA.bluestragglerwouldbemorelikelytocollideandmergewithanotherstarthanwouldbealower-massstar
B.pairofstarswouldbemorelikelytoencounterotherstarsthanwouldthetypicalbluestraggler
C.pairofstarswouldbemorelikelytointeractwithotherstarsthanwouldasinglestar
D.bluestragglerwouldbemorelikelytointeractwithapairofstars
22thanitwouldwithathirdstar
E.thirdstarwouldbemorelikelytoencounterapairthanitwouldtoencounterabluestraggler
2.Informationpresentedinthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutbluestragglers?
A.TheyoriginatefromstarsthatarehotterandmoremassivethantheSun.
B.Theyareburningmorerapidlythanothertypesofstarsobservedinancientstarclusters.
C.Theyareolderthanmostothertypesofstarswithinthesamestarcluster.
D.Theyarelessnumerousinlow-densityglobularclustersthanarepairsofstars.
E.Theygenerallyoriginatefromtheoldeststarsamongthosefoundinancientstarclusters.
3.Thepassageciteswhichofthefollowingasevidenceunderminingthetheorypresentedinthesecondsentence?
A.Adiscrepancybetweenthenumberofmergersbetweensinglestarsincertainlow-densityglobularclustersandthatinotherlow-densityglobularclusters
B.Adiscrepancybetweentheheatandmassofbluestragglersformedbyonetypeofprocessandtheheatandmassofbluestragglersformedbyanothertypeofprocess
C.Adiscrepancybetweenthefrequencyofstarmergersinlow-densityglobularclustersandthoseinhigh-densityglobularclusters
D.Adiscrepancybetweentheamountofheatandmassofancientsinglestarsandthatofbluestragglers
E.Adiscrepancybetweenthenumberofmergersbetweensinglestarsincertainstarclustersandthenumberofbluestragglersinthoseclusters
答案：CBE
Passage26
Mostseismologistsassumethatfollowingamajorearthquakeanditsaftershocks,thefault(abreakinEarth’scrustwherepressurecantriggeranearthquake)willremainquietuntilstresseshavetimetorebuild,typicallyoverhundredsorthousandsofyears.Recentevidenceofsubtleinteractionsbetweenearthquakesmayoverturnthisassumption,however.Accordingtothestress-triggeringhypothesis,faultsareunexpectedlyresponsivetosubtlestressestheyacquireasneighboringfaultsshift.Ratherthansimplydissipating,stressrelievedduringanearthquaketravelsalongthefault,concentratinginsitesnearby;eventhesmallestadditionalstressesmaythentriggeranotherquakealongthefaultoronanearbyfault.Althoughscientistshavelongviewedsuchsubtleinteractionsasnonexistent,thehypothesishasexplainedthelocationandfrequencyofearthquakes
23followingseveraldestructivequakesinCalifornia,Japan,andTurkey.
1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisanassumptionthatmaybeinvalidatedbyrecentseismologicalevidence?
A.EarthquakesarecausedbystressesbuildingupinfaultswithinEarth’scrust.
B.Mostmajorearthquakescanbepredictedwithreasonableaccuracy.C.Faultsarehighlyresponsivetoevenminorstressesinneighboringfaults.
D.Mostmajorearthquakesarefollowedbypredictableaftershocks.E.Afaultthathasresultedinamajorearthquakebecomesquietforalongperiod.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Thepassagesuggeststhatmostseismologistsbelievewhichofthefollowingaboutfaultstresses?
A.Theyaredissipatedwhentheyresultinanearthquake.B.Theyaretransferredbetweenneighboringfaults.
C.Theywillnotcauseamajorearthquakealongthesamefaultinthespaceofafewyears.
答案：EAC
Passage27
MacArthurandWilsonsuggestedthatthebiodiversityofanislandwillvaryindirectproportiontoafunctionoftheisland’ssize(i.e.,largerislandscansupportagreaternumberofspecies)andininverseproportiontoafunctionofitsdistancefromthemainland(i.e.,manyremoteislandswilltendtosupportfewerspecies).Reducedbiodiversityinanislandcontextislikelytorequiresignificantadaptationonthepartofcolonizinghumanpopulations.Evansarguesthatthislimitationmakesislandsideallaboratoriesforthestudyofhumanadaptationstothenaturalenvironment,whilstRenfrewandWagstaff,intheintroductiontotheirstudyofMelos,focusonthislimitationinbiodiversityasa“significantcharacteristicoftheislandecosystem.”Forhumancommunities,however,thislimitationmaypotentiallybeoffsetbyotherfactors.Thereducedbiodiversityofanislandecosystemappliesonlytoterrestrialresources:theresourcesoftheseawillbeasrichasonanyothercoastalarea,andmaybeequallyimportanttohumancommunities.AsmallislandsuchasMaltaorMelosallowsallcommunitiesdirectaccesstothesea,providinganimportantnutritional“safetynet,”aswellasanelementofdietarydiversity,whichmayactuallygiveislandcommunitiesanadvantageovertheirlandlockedcounterparts.Islandsmayalsohavespecificnonbiologicalresources(suchasobsidianonMelos),whichmaybeusedinexchangewithcommunitiesonotherislandsandadjacentmainlands.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
24A.evaluatetwocontrastingapproachestoislandbiodiversity
B.discusstherelevanceofcertaindatapertainingtoislandbiodiversityC.callintoquestionaparticularunderstandingofislandbiodiversityD.considervariousreasonsforreducedbiodiversityonislandsE.contrastlargeandsmallislandsintermsofoverallbiodiversityConsidereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Accordingtotheauthor,factorsofpotentialimportancetohumancommunitiesonislandsinclude
A.theaccessibilityofthesea’sresources
B.adietsuperiorinsomerespectstothedietoflandlockedcommunities
C.nonbiologicalresourcesthatcanbeexploited
3.Theauthorsuggeststhatinconsideringthebiodiversityofislands,Evans
A.focusestooexclusivelyonterrestrialresources
B.misunderstandstherelationshipbetweenanisland’ssizeanditsterrestrialresources
C.misinterpretstheworkofMacArthurandWilson
D.iswrongtoassumethatmoreremoteislandssupportfewerspeciesE.downplaysthewaysthathumancommunitiesadapttoislandbiodiversity
答案：CABCA
Passage28
AcriticalconsensushasemergedthatMaryMcCarthywillberememberedprimarilyasanessayistratherthanasanovelist.Butdespiteherformidablegiftsasapolemicalanddiscursivewriter,andforallherreputationasanintellectualwhosacrificedfeelingtointelligence,whatpowersMcCarthy’sbestessaysareherfictionalratherthanstrictlyintellectualgifts.Shemakesherpointsbytellingstoriesorbywayofvividdescription,arrestingimagesandsubtlecharacterization.Andforallherexactingsenseoffact,McCarthy’sgreatestcontributionwastoblurthedistinctionsbetweendifferentkindsofprosewriting:toshowhowfictioncouldbeopeneduptothethinkingmindandhowessayscouldprofitfromthetechniquesoffiction.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatMaryMcCarthy’swritingischaracterizedby
A.TheuseinheressaysofdevicesmoretypicalinworksoffictionB.Anarrowingofthedifferencesbetweennarrativeandexpositoryprose
C.Carefulattentiontofactualaccuracy.
2.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“discursive”mostnearlymeans
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