Passage12
1800ThomasDilworth’sNewGuidetotheEnglishDialoguewasbeingwidelyusedtoteachreadingintheUnitedStates.Dilworth'sprimer,unlikeearlierones,stressedtheimportanceofchildren’sunderstandingwhattheyread.WhileitisinfactunlikelythatchildrenwouldhaverecognizedallthevocabularyDilworthused,thatwasatleasthisstatedgoal.Dilworthrecognizedthatprimersshouldenablechildrentodecodewordsfromprintwiththeformoflanguagetheyalreadyknew:speech.Incontrast,manyearlierauthorsassumedthat,justasintroductoryLatintextstaughtchildrenanunknownlanguage,introductoryEnglishtextsshouldteachEnglishasifit,too,wereanunknownlanguage—suchtheiresotericchoiceofvocabulary,itineffectbecameunknown.
1.Accordingtothepassage,the“earlierauthors”adoptedamodelforEnglishinstructionthat
A.mirroredthepracticeusedinLatininstructionB.wasoriginallyformulatedbyDilworth
C.waslessesotericthanthatadoptedbyDilworth
D.stressedfamiliaritywiththepeculiaritiesofEnglishspellingE.emphasizedtheimportanceoffluentandarticulatespeech
2.TheauthorofthepassagewouldprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingcriticismsofEnglishprimerspredatingDilworth’s?
A.TheirLatinategrammaticaltermspoorlydescribedthestructuresofEnglish.
B.Theyfailedtomakeeffectiveuseoftheknowledgeoflanguageachildalreadypossessed.
C.Theirtextstypicallyfocusedonsubjectmatterthatheldlittleintrinsicinterestfortheirreaders.
D.Theyneglectedtoteachthelanguageinasufficientlysystematicway.
E.TheyrequiredapedagogicalmethodthatfewAmericanteachersoftheerapossessed.
答案：AB
Passage13
Manyscholarshavearguedthatgovernmentinvestmentin
manufacturinginthesouthernUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWarspurredaregionaleconomicboomthatlastedintothepostwarperiod.Butmuchofthisinvestmentwenttospecializedplants,manyofthemunsuitableforpostwarproduction.Large-scale,wartimegovernmentfundingledtoamassiveincreaseinthenumberandscaleofmunitionsfacilities.Bythewar’send,216munitionsestablishmentcostingmorethan$3.5billionhadbeenbuilt,manyofthemlocatedinthesouth.Indeed,accordingtooneestimate,morethan70percentoffederallyfinancedmanufacturingconstructioncapitalinAlabama,Arkansas,Mississippi,andTennesseewent
11intomunitionsplants.
Eveninthenorthernregionswithstrongprewarmanufacturingeconomics,theseplantsweredifficulttodealwithoncetheimperativeofwarhadbeenremoved.Inthesouthfewindustrialistshadthecapacityordesiretotransformthesefactoriestoapeacetimefunction.Accordingly,atwar’sendalmostallofthesouthernmunitionsfacilitieswereshutdown,placedonstandby,operatedataverylowcapacity,orconvertedtononmanufacturingfunctions,usuallystorage.AlthoughsomereopenedafewyearslaterforuseduringtheKoreanWar,theimpactofthespecialplantsontheSouth’spostwareconomywasmarginalatbest.
1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.proposeanalternativeexplanationB.challengeawidelyheldpositionC.contrasttwoviewsofaphenomenon
D.explainwhyaparticularclaimhasbeeninfluentialE.evaluateevidenceusedtosupportaparticularview
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Accordingtothepassage,somesouthernmunitionsplantsbuiltintheSouthduringtheSecondWorldWarwere
A.laterreopenedandusedoncemoreasmunitionsplantsB.usedfornonmanufacturingpurposesafterthewar
C.originallyenvisionedascontinuingtomanufacturemunitionsathighcapacityevenafterthewarhadended
3.Inthepassage,thementionof“Alabama,Arkansas,Mississippi,andTennessee”servesprimarilyto
A.suggestthatsomestateswerebetterthanothersatanticipatingpostwareconomicneeds
B.identifyevidenceusedtosupportaviewheldbyscholarsmentionedatthebeginningofthepassage
C.suggestthatfederalinvestmentinsomekindsofmanufacturingwasexcessive
D.identifythestatesthatreceivedthelargestallocationsoffederalfunds
E.provideinformationtosupportapointaboutthenatureofgovernmentinvestmentmadeearlierintheparagraph
答案：BABE
Passage14
Althoughthepassengerpigeons,nowextinct,wereabundantineighteenth-andnineteenth-centuryAmerica,archaeologicalstudiesattwelfth-centuryCahokiansitesinthepresentdayUnitedStatesexaminedhouseholdfoodtrashandfoundthattracesofpassengerpigeonwerequiterare.GiventhatthesiteswereclosetoahugepassengerpigeonroostdocumentedbyJohnJamesAuduboninthenineteenthcenturyandthat
12Cahokiansconsumedalmosteveryotheranimalproteinsourceavailable,（Q2）thearchaeologistsconductingthestudiesconcludedthepassengerpigeonpopulationhadoncebeenverylimitedbeforeincreasingdramaticallyinpost-ColumbianAmerica.Otherarchaeologistshavecriticizedthoseconclusionsonthegroundsthatpassengerpigeonboneswouldnotbelikelytobepreserved.Butallthearchaeologicalprojectsfoundplentyofbirdbones-andeven（Q1）tinybonesfromfish.
1.Theauthorofthepassagementions“tinybonesfromfish”primarilyinorderto
A.explainwhytracesofpassengerpigeonarerareatCahokiansitesB.supportaclaimaboutthewidevarietyofanimalproteinsintheCahokiandiet
C.provideevidencethatconfirmsatheoryabouttheextinctionofthepassengerpigeon
D.castdoubtontheconclusionreachedbythearchaeologistswhoconductedthestudiesdiscussedinthepassage
E.counteranobjectiontoaninterpretationofthedataobtainedfromCahokiansites
2.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostcallintoquestionthereasoningof“thearchaeologistsconductingthestudies”?
A.Audubonwasunabletocorrectlyidentifytwelfth-centuryCahokiansites
B.Audubonmadehisobservationsbeforepassengerpigeon
populationsbegantodecline.
C.Passengerpigeonswouldhavebeenattractedtohouseholdfoodtrash
D.Archaeologisthavefoundpassengerpigeonremainsamongfoodwasteateighteenth-centuryhumansettlements
E.Passengerpigeonstendednottoroostatthesamesitesforverymanygenerations
答案：EE
Passage15
Feministscholarshavetendedtoregardwomeninthe
nineteenth-centuryUnitedStateswhoelectedtoremainsingleaschampionsofwomen’sautonomyandascriticsofmarriageasanoppressiveinstitution.Indeed,manynineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwhoparticipatedinreformmovementsorwhodistinguishedthemselvesaswritersandprofessionalsweresingle.Yetthisviewofsinglewomentendstodistortthemeaningoftheirchoices.Thenineteenthcenturysawtheelevationofmarriageforloveasaspiritualideal.Consequently,itbecamesociallyacceptableforwomennottomarryifsuchanidealmarriagecouldnotbe
13realizedwithanavailablesuitor.Thus,manywomen’schoicetoremainsinglereflectednotanegativeviewofmarriagebutahighlyidealisticone.
1.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatmanynineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenchosetoremainsinglebecausethey
A.believedthatmarriagerequiredthemtogiveupmuchoftheirautonomy
B.hadattitudestowardmarriagethatwereinfluencedbycontemporaryreformmovements
C.wantedtotakeadvantageofincreasingopportunitiestodistinguishthemselvesasprofessionals
D.doubtedthattheirownmarriagewouldliveuptotheirnotionofwhatamarriageoughttobe
E.hadanegativeviewofmarriagefosteredbyachangeinsocialattitudesduringthenineteenthcentury
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Theauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatthefeministscholarsmentionedinthefirstsentencedistortthemeaningofcertainnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomen’schoicesby
A.ascribingthosechoicestoaparticularattitudetowardmarriage
B.ignoringevidenceaboutsinglewomen’smotivesforbecomingwritersorprofessionals
C.overestimatingthenumberofnineteenth-centuryAmericanwomenwhoweresinglebychoice.
答案：DA
Passage16
Manyresearchersattributethelargenumberofphysiologicalandbehavioralsimilaritiesbetweenbirdsandmammals,whichhaveseparateevolutionaryhistories,toendothermy(athermoregulatorystrategywherebywarmbodytemperatureismaintainedthroughinternalheatsources).However,Farmerarguesthatparentalcareratherthanendothermyisthekeytounderstandingthesimilaritiesbetweenmammalsandbirds.AccordingtoFarmer,whileendothermyprovidesanexplanationforafewsimilarities,suchasthepresenceofbodyinsulation,endothermyisjustonecharacteristicamongmanyrelatedtoparentalcare.Thetwopurportedadvantagesofendothermythathavebeenmostfrequentlycitedbyresearchersareanexpandedrangeofinhabitableenvironmentsandtheabilitytosustainvigorousexercise.Butmetabolismhastoincreasesubstantially(atgreatenergycost)thereforeconferringanysignificantthermoregulatoryadvantageintermsoftheformer,andthereisnocausalbiologicallinkagetoexplainwhyendothermywouldbeessentialtosustainexercise.Farmerarguesinsteadthatendothermyevolvedasameanstocontrolincubationtemperatureandthattheabilitytosustainexerciseevolvedseparately,asameanstoimproveaparent’sabilitytoforageand
14provisionitsyoung.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
A.presentascientifictheorythatchallengesawidelyheldtheoryB.summarizethebasisforalargebodyofscientificresearch
C.defendanestablishedscientifictheoryinlightofrecentcriticismD.expressskepticismabouttheresultsobtainedbyaparticularresearcher
E.comparetheresultsoftwoparticularscientificstudies
2.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizestheorganizationofthepassageasawhole?
A.Apositionisnoted,analternativetothatpositionisintroduced,andthenseveralpointsinsupportofthealternativearediscussed.
B.Atheoryisdiscussed,aninconsistencywithinthattheoryisillustrated,andthenarecommendationismadeforfurtherinquiry.
C.Certainresearchresultsaredescribed,thesignificanceofthoseresultsisexplained,andthenanovelinterpretationofthoseresultsissummarized.
D.Aquestionisposed,apossibleanswertothatquestionissuggested,andthenevidenceisprovidedtocorroboratethatanswer.
E.Adebateisoutlined,contrastingviewpointswithinthedebatearediscussed,andthenoneviewpointisdemonstratedtobecorrect.
3.Accordingtothepassage,Farmerconcedesthatendothermyprovidesanexplanationforwhichofthefollowingfeaturessharedbybirdsandmammals?
A.Theabilitytoforage
B.TheabilitytosustainexerciseC.TheinstincttocareforoffspringD.FlexibilityinhabitatusageE.Bodyinsulation
答案：AAE
Passage17
ProminentamongtheoriesofthefunctionofsleepisMeddis’immobilizationhypothesis,whichholdsthatsleep,ratherthanservingarestorativefunction,playsaprotectiveroleduringtimesthatanimalscannotbeusefullyengagedinotheractivities.Meddisreasonedthatanimalsnotimmediatelythreatenedbypredatorswouldbesaferiftheypassedthetimesleeping.
However,thathypothesiscannoteasilyexplainwhyoneoftenobservesareboundinsleeptimeorintensityfollowingaperiodofsleepdeprivation.Neitherdoesthehypothesisexplaintheexistenceofvariousstatesofsleep,whichthemselvesmaybeassociatedwithdifferentfunctions.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.Accordingtothepassage,theimmobilizationhypothesisfailsto
15