populationshadaperiodictendencytodieout,onlytobesubsequentlyreintroduced.Furthermore,manygraysquirrelsaresilentcarriersofadiseasefataltoredsquirrels.
1.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagementionstheefficiencywithwhichgraysquirrelsforageprimarilyinorderto
A.identifyafactorthatexplainsacertainphenomenonB.callattentiontoaninconsistencyinaparticulartheory
C.suggestthatcompetitioncannotbethefactorresponsibleforaparticularoutcome
D.acknowledgeafactthatappearstosupportaviewthattheauthorintendstoqualify
E.citeevidencethatisnotconsistentwithanearlyinfluentialviewaboutspeciescompetition
2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe“earlyview?”
A.Itreflectsamistakenassumptionaboutthemeansbywhichnonnativespeciesareintroducedintoecosystems.
B.ItsbasicpremiseisshowntobevalidbytheeffectofAmericangraysquirrelsonBritain’sredsquirrelpopulation.
C.Itpresentsasimplisticpictureofthemeansbywhichspeciescompositionwithinecosystemsisdetermined.
D.Itcaneffectivelyexplaintheformationofecosystemsthatcontainfewspeciesbutcannotadequatelyaccountfortheformationofcomplexecosystems.
E.Itunderstatestheimportanceofcompetitionasafactordeterminingspeciescompositionwithinecosystems.
答案：DC
Passage34
TherevivalofmuralpaintingthathasoccurredinSanFranciscosincethe1970s,especiallyamongtheChicanopopulationofthecity’sMissionDistrict,hasmarkeddifferencesfromitssocialrealistforerunnerinMexicoandtheUnitedStatessome40yearsearlier.Ratherthanbeinggovernmentsponsoredandlimitedtomuralsongovernmentbuildings,thecontemporarymuralmovementsprangfromthepeoplethemselves,withmuralsappearingoncommunitybuildingsandthroughoutcollegecampuses.Perhapsthebiggestdifference,however,istheprocess.Inearliertwentieth-centuryMexico,muralsresultedfromthevisionofindividualartists.Buttoday’smuralsarecharacteristicallytheproductsofartistsworkingwithlocalresidentsondesignandcreation.
SuchcommunityengagementischaracteristicoftheChicanoartmovementasawhole,whichevolvedfromthesamefoundationsastheChicanocivilrightsmovementofthemid-1960s.BothwereadirectresponsetotheneedsofChicanosintheUnitedStates,whowerefighting
31fortherighttoadequateeducation,politicalempowerment,anddecentworkingconditions.Artistsjoinedotherculturalworkersinmakingpoliticalstatementsandplayedakeyroleintakingthesestatementstothepublic.Theydevelopedcollectivesandestablishedculturalcentersthatfunctionedasthepublic-relationsarmoftheChicanosociopoliticalmovement.
1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.argueforthesuperiorityofastyleofartB.considertheimpactofanartmovement
C.describethepoliticalcontentofacertainworksofartD.detailthecharacteristicstyleofanartmovementE.placeanartmovementinitshistoricalcontext
2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthe“culturalcenters”istrue?
A.TheywerethevenuewheremanylaterleadersoftheChicanocivilrightsmovementfirstbecamepoliticallyactive.
B.Thoughlaterwidespread,theyoriginatedinSanFranciscoarea.
C.Springingupinanumberofcommunities,theyinitiallyhadlargelyapoliticalgoalscenteredonartinstruction.
D.TheyconstitutedthenucleusfromwhichtheChicanocivilrightsmovementoriginated.
E.Foundedbyartists,theyprovidedsupportfortheChicanocivilrightsmovement.
3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthefirstparagraphandthesecondparagraphofthepassage?
A.Thefirstfocusesonthemuralartistsasindividuals;thesecond,ontheiractionsasagroup.
B.Thefirstcomparesthemuralrevivalwithanearlierartisticmovement;theseconddescribesthecontextcontemporarytotherevival
C.Thefirstdefinestherevivalbydistinguishingitfromanearlierartisticmovement;thesecondaddressesthepoliticalgoalsofboththerevivalanditsforerunner
D.Thefirstpresentsanapparentlyplausibleaccountoftherelationshipbetweentherevivalandisforerunner,thesecondcallsthataccountintoquestion
E.ThefirstisconcernedwiththeartisticaimsandambitionsbehindtheSanFranciscomurals;thesecondconsiderstheirpoliticalsignificance
答案：EEB
Passage35
AlthoughElizabethStuartPhelps’novelDoctorZay(1882)dominatescriticaldiscussionofPhelps’interestinwomandoctors,precedingitweremanylittle-knownwritingsbyPhelps.Thesewritingsunderscoredtheachievementsofalreadyestablishedwomendoctors,theimperativeofmedicallyeducatingandtrainingwomeninthefaceofperniciousresistance,
32andthemedicalwoman’ssymbolicvalueasanagentofhealinginpost-CivilWarAmerica.AnexplorationofthislargelyoverlookedearlyprosedemonstratesthatPhelpsplayedaninstrumentalroleinlegitimizingtheAmericanmedicalwomanduringacrucialearlierperiodwhenthenumberofwomendoctorsintheUnitedStatesincreasedsubstantially,butthewomandoctorremainedperhapsthemostcontroversialnewpresenceonthenation’soccupationallandscape.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbelikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPhelps’writing?
A.WhilePhelps’earlierworksdidagreatdealtowardlegitimizingthefigureoftheAmericanwomandoctor,hernovelDoctorZaydidnot.
B.CriticshavetendedtounderestimatetheimpactPhelps’earlierworkhadinhelpingtolegitimizethefigureoftheAmericanwomandoctorduringanimportantperiod.
C.Thesubstantialincreaseinthenumberofwomandoctorsinpost-CivilWarAmericawasamoresignificantfactorthanwasPhelps’writinginhelpingtolegitimizewomandoctorsinpost-CivilWarAmerica.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.2.Thepassageprovidesinformationonwhichofthefollowing?
A.ThepublicresponsetotheemergenceofwomendoctorsduringPhelps’lifetime
B.HowPhelps’earlierworksadvancedthecauseofAmericanwomendoctors
C.TherelativefameofDoctorZayincomparisonwithPhelps’otherwritings
答案：BABC
Passage36
Abird’splumage,whilecontributingtostructuralintegrityandparticipatinginaeriallocomotion,completelyobscuresabird’sinternalactivityfromhumanview,greatlyimpedingourattemptstounderstandbirdsasfunctioninganimals.Plumagehasevenmadeitdifficulttodescribebirdmovement.Whendescribingthemovementofmammals,writersturntowell-wornclichéslike“graceinmotion.”Amammal’sripplingmusclesslidesmoothlyoveroneanotherineye-catchingways.Withamammal,whetheramouseorhippopotamus,werecognizethattheunderlyingbodypartsaresimilartoourownandweknowthesepartswillactpredictably.Notsowithabird.Forcenturies,weknewlittlemoreaboutabird’smovementthanthatitwasamysterythatseemedtobebasedontheflappingofwings.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
1.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaneffectofbirdplumage?
33A.Itcontributestoabird’sabilitytofly.B.Ithidestheinnerworkingsofbirds.
C.Itcontributestothestructuralsoundnessofbirds.
2.Theauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“underlyingbodyparts”ofnonhumanmammals?
A.Theyaremoresimilartohumans’underlyingbodypartsthanmostpeopleassume.
B.Theyaremorepredictableintheirworkingsthanaretheunderlyingbodypartsofhumans.
C.Theirsmoothandgratefulactionsbeliehowcomplicatedtheyactuallyare.
D.Theyworkinmuchdifferentwaysthandotheunderlyingbodypartsofmostbirds.
E.Theyareeasiertoobserveandunderstandthanareunderlyingpartsofbirds.
答案：ABCE
Passage37
Inthe1920s,Gerstmanndescribedasetofproblemsfoundinpeoplewhohavesuffereddamagetothebrain’sleftparietallobe,problemsthatincludebeingunabletounderstandarithmeticandhavingdifficultyidentifyingone’sfingers.ThereisstillnoagreementonwhetherthesymptomsGerstmannnoticedconstituteasyndrome,butthepartsofthebrainusedforstoringfactsaboutnumbersandforrepresentingthefingersareclosetoeachother.Mentalrepresentationsofnumbersandoffingersmaythereforebefunctionallyconnected.A2005experimenthadpeopleperformsometasksrequiringdexterityandothersinvolvingmatchingpairsofnumbers,whileanareaoftheirparietallobes—theleftangulargyrus—wasstimulatedbyamagneticfield.Facilityatbothsetsoftaskswasimpaired.
1.Theauthorofthepassagewouldmostlikelyagreethatthehighlightedstatementsuggests
A.aflawintheexperimentconductedin2005
B.ameansbywhichdexteritymightcompensateforalossofarithmeticability
C.anexplanationforsomeofGerstmann’sobservationsD.ananomalyinsomeofGerstmann’sresults
E.areasontodoubtdamagetotheleftparietallobeasacausalfactorincertainsymptoms
2.Theauthorofthepassagedescribesthe“2005experiment”anditsresultsprimarilyinorderto
A.establishtheproximitybetweenthepartofthebrainusedforstoringnumericalinformationandthepartusedforrepresentingthefingers
B.illustratetheimplicationsthatGerstmann’sworkmayhavefor
34experimentalresearch
C.castdoubtontheideathatdamagetotheleftparietallobecausesthesetofproblemsthatGerstmanndescribed
D.supportahypothesisaboutasignificantassociationbetweenpartsofthebrainrelatedtofingersandtonumbers
E.suggestthattheproblemsGerstmannnotedinrelationtonumbersandfingershaveadifferentcausethantheotherproblemsassociatedwithparietallobedamage
答案：CD
Passage38
AnalyzinglevelsofproportionalrepresentationofAmericanIndiansinstateandlocalgovernmentjobsisimportantforseveralreasons.First,thebasicideaunderlyingthetheoryofrepresentativebureaucracyisthatthedemographiccompositionofbureaucracyshouldmirrorthedemographiccompositionofthegeneralpublic.Thisisbecauseinadditiontoitssymbolicvalue,increasedaccesstomanagerialpositionmayleadtogreaterresponsivenessonthepartofpolicymakerstothepolicyinterestsoftraditionallydisadvantagedgroupssuchasAmericanIndians.Second,thefocusonhigherleveljobsinbureaucracies(asopposedtonon-managerialpositions)isespeciallyimportantbecausemanagerialpositionsrepresentamajorsourceofeconomicprogressformembersoftraditionallydisadvantagedgroups,asthesejobsconfergoodsalaries,benefits,status,security,andmobility.Third,itisimportanttoknowiftherehasbeengrowthintheAmericanIndianshareofmoredesirablepublicsectorpositionsoverthelasttwodecades.Forinstance,PetersonandDuncanarguethatthepopulationandpowerofAmericanIndianshavebeengrowingincertainstates.PetersonandDuncanalsosuggestthatthisgrowthmayreflectthepossibilitythatAmericanIndianpopulationarebecomingmoreactiveinnontraditionalareasofpolitics,assimilatingintomainstreamculture,andsecuringwithgreaterfrequencyleadershippositionsinnon-tribalgovernment.
1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.SummarizeademographictrendoverttimeB.Presentfindingsonademographicgroup
C.AnalyzethedemographiccompositionofatypeofjobD.ExplaintheneedforparticularsocialresearchE.Arguefortheimplementationofasocialpolicy
2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentenceinthecontextofthepassageaswhole?
A.Ithypothesizesaphenomenonthatmightexplainapointmadeintheprecedingsentence.
B.Itprovidesevidencethatunderminesthatassertionmadeinthefirstsentence.
35