accountforwhichofthefollowingfacts?
A.ThatsleepdoesnotappeartobeauniformandunchangingstateB.Thatundercertainconditionsanimalsappeartoneedmoresleepthanusual
C.Thatanimalsrarelysleepwhenapredatorhasbeendetectednearby2.Inthecontextofthepassageasawhole,thehighlightedportionservesprimarilyto
A.presentthethinkingthatledscientiststoqualifyawidelyacceptedview
B.describethebasisonwhichahypothesiswasadvanced
C.illustratethekindofreasoningthatisappliedinabranchofscienceD.explainhowahypothesiscanbetestedempiricallyE.relatetheanalysisthatrefinedatentativeexplanation
答案：ABB
Passage18
In1919Britainexperienceditslargesteverreductioninindustrialworkinghours,to48perweek.InDowie’sviewthe48-hourweekplayedacentralroleinBritain’spooreconomicperformanceduringthe1920s.Dowiearguedthatthereduction,togetherwithrapidwagegrowth,droveupprices.However,GreaslyandOxleyfoundthattheFirstWorldWar(1914-1918)constitutedamorepowerfulnegativemacroeconomicshocktoBritain’scompetitiveness.AndScottarguesthatDowie’sthesisignoresconsiderableevidencethathourlyproductivityimproveswhenhoursarereducedfromahighbaselevel.Crucially,Dowie’sthesisdoesnotacknowledgethathourswerereducedtoaround48hoursaweekforindustrialworkersinmostindustrializednationsatthistimesofar—undermininganypotentialimpactofreducedhoursonindustrialproductivityrelativetoothernations.
1.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportforScott’sargument?
A.Companieshavegenerallyfoundthatpart-timeemployeesarelessproductivethanfull-timeones.
B.Whenthetotalnumberofhoursworkedatacompanyincreasesowingtotheadditionofmoreemployees,theusualresultisimprovedproductivityatthecompany.
C.Whenthetotalhoursworkedbyallemployeesperweekintwocompaniesareequivalent,hourlyproductivitytendstobeequivalentaswell.
D.Companieswhoseemployeesusuallyworkahighnumberofhourstendtohavegreatertotalcoststhandosimilarcompanieswhoseemployeesworkfewerhours.
E.Companieshavefoundthattotaloutputperemployeeisnotnecessarilychangedbyreductionsinthenumberofhoursworkedperemployee.
162.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheviewofGreasleyandOxley
A.areducedworkweekwasultimatelybeneficialtoemployees
B.theeconomiceffectsofthereductioninworkinghoursin1919werebrief
C.Britainbecamelesseconomicallycompetitiveinthe1920s
D.reducedworkinghoursweretheprimarycauseoftheeconomicchangesobservedbyDowie
E.thechangesineconomicperformanceinBritaininthe1920swereunforeseen
答案：EC
Passage19
Thefindingthattherewererock-meltingtemperaturesonasteroidsforsustainedperiodsispuzzling:asteroids’heatsourceisunknown,andunlikeplanet-sizedbodies,suchsmallbodiesquicklydissipateheat.Rubinsuggeststhatasteroids’heatcouldhavederivedfromcollisionsbetweenasteroids.Skepticshavearguedthatasingleimpactwouldraiseanasteroid’soveralltemperatureverylittleandthatasteroidswouldcooltooquicklybetweenimpactstoaccumulatemuchheat.However,theseobjectionsassumedthatasteroidsaredense,solidbodies.ArecentdiscoverythatasteroidsarehighlyporousmakesRubin’shypothesismoreplausible.Whensolidbodiescollide,muchdebrisisejected,dissipatingenergy.Impactsonporousbodiesgeneratelessdebris,somoreenergygoesintoproducingheat.Heatcouldberetainedasdebrisfallbackintoimpactcraters,creatinganinsulatingblanket.
1.Thepassagesuggeststhatonefactorthathasmadeitdifficulttoaccountforthetemperaturesoncereachedbyasteroidsis
A.amiscalculationofthefrequencyofasteroidcollisionsB.amisconceptionaboutasteroids’density
C.amistakenassumptionaboutwhattheheatsourceoftheasteroidswas
D.anunderestimationoftherateatwhichsmallbodiesloseheatE.anerroneousviewofhowasteroidswereformed
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatRubindisagreeswithskepticsmentionedinthepassageaboutwhichofthefollowing?
A.Whetherporousbodiesgeneratelessdebriswhenstruckthandosolidbodies
B.Thetemperaturesasteroidswouldhavetoreachfortheirrockstohavemelted
C.Thelikelyeffectofimpactsonasteroids’temperatures
答案：BC
17Passage20
BenjaminFranklinisportrayedinAmericanhistoryasthe
quintessentialself-mademan.In“Self-reliance”,Emersonasks,“WhereisthemasterwhocouldhaveinstructedFranklin...?”Infact,Franklintookinstructionwidely,andhisscientificworkwashighlycollaborative.FriendsinEnglandsentequipmentneededforhiselectricalexperiments,others,inPhiladelphia,helpedhimsetuphisworkshopthere.PhilipSyngconstructedadeviceforgeneratingelectricalcharges,whileTomasHopkinsondemonstratedthepotentialofpointedconductors.Franklin,inadditiontobeingthegroup’stheoretician,wroteandpublisheditsresults.Hisfameasanindividualresearcherispartlyaconsequenceoftheshorthandbywhichwhenonepersonwritesaboutagroup’sdiscoveries,historysometimesgrantssingularcreditforcollectiveeffort.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentence?
A.ItstatesaviewpointaboutFranklinwithwhichtheauthordisagrees.B.ItintroducesnewevidenceaboutFranklin’sroleinthecollaborativeprocess.
C.ItexplainsFranklin’sreputationintermsofabroadscholarlyphenomenon.
D.ItemphasizestheextenttowhichFranklinreliedonothersinhisworkshop.
E.ItdescribesFranklin’sapproachtowritingscientificresults.2.Emersonismentionedinthepassageprimarilyto
A.IdentifytheoriginofaparticularunderstandingofFranklinB.ElaborateonaviewofFranklinthattheauthortakesissuewithC.PointtoacontroversialclaimaboutFranklin’shistoricallegacy
D.IntroducethequestionofwhoFranklin’smainscientificinfluenceswere
E.SuggeststhatFranklinwasresistanttocollaborationwithotherscientists
答案：CB
Passage21
Therehavelongbeendeadzones—watertoolowinoxygentosustainmostformsoflife—intheGulfofMexico,whichreceivesthewatersoftheMississippiRiver.Scientistsstudiedsedimentcoresfromareaswherethegulf’smostrecentdeadzoneoccurred.Thescientistsdatedthesedimentandcountedspeciesofforaminifera(marineprotozoans)inthesediment;thesespeciesthriveinlow-oxygenwaters.Asfarbackas1823,theforaminiferathrivedespeciallyduringMississippiRiverfloodyears(duringwhichnutrientslevelsincrease),suggestingthatnutrientsinfloodwaterscantriggerlow-oxygenwater.Theforaminiferainthecoresamplesweremost
18abundantafter1950,whenfarmersbeganusingsomefertilizer,whichisrichinnutrients.Researchersbelievethatincreaseduseoffertilizerleadstomore-extremedeadzones.
1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthehighlightedsentenceinthecontextofthepassageasawhole?
A.Itreconcilestwoopposingtheoriesthatwerediscussedearlierinthepassage.
B.Itsuggestswhattheinitialimpetuswasforthestudiesmentionedearlierinthepassage.
C.Itunderminesahypothesisthatwaspresentedintheprecedingsentence.
D.Itdescribesaproblemwiththemethodologyofthestudiesdiscussedinthepassage.
E.Itprovidesevidencesupportingthebeliefmentionedinthefinalsentenceofthepassage.
Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.
2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“researchers”wouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheuseoffertilizer?
A.IffarmersneartheMississippiRiverdecreasedtheamountoffertilizerthattheyused,theseverityofthedeadzonescouldbediminished.
B.IffarmersneartheMississippiRivercontinuetheirdependenceuponfertilizers,foraminiferapopulationwilleventuallydecline.
C.IffarmersneartheMississippiRiverstoppedusingfertilizersaltogether,therewouldnolongerbedeadzones.
答案：EA
Passage22
Biologistknowthatsomemarinealgaecancreatecloudsbyproducingthegasdimethylsulphide(DMS),whichreactswithoxygeninairabovetheseatoformsolidparticles.Theseparticlesprovideasurfaceonwhichwatervaporcancondensetoformclouds.Lovelockcontendsthatthisprocessispartofglobalclimatic-controlsystem.AccordingtoLovelock,Earthactslikeasuperorganism,withallitsbiologicalandphysicalsystemscooperatingtokeepithealthy.HehypothesizedthatwarmerconditionsincreasealgalactivityandDMSoutput,seedingmoreclouds,whichcooltheplanetbyblockingouttheSun.Then,astheclimatecools,algalactivityandDMSleveldecreaseandthecyclecontinues.Inresponsetobiologistswhoquestionhoworganismspresumablyworkingfortheirownselfishendscouldhaveevolvedtobehaveinawaythatbenefitsnotonlytheplanetbuttheorganismsaswell,coolingbenefitsthealgae,whichremainattheoceansurface,becauseitallowsthecooledupperlayersoftheoceantosink,andthenthecirculatingwatercarriesnutrientsupwardfromthedepthsbelow.Algaemayalsobenefitfromnitrogenrainingdownfromcloudstheyhavehelpedtoform.
191.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingoccursasaresultofcoolingintheupperlayersoftheocean?
A.Theconcentrationofoxygenintheairabovetheocean’ssurfacedecreases.
B.TheconcentrationofDMSintheairabovetheocean’ssurfaceincreases.
C.Thenutrientsupplyatthesurfaceoftheoceanisreplenished.D.Cloudformationincreasesovertheocean.
E.Marinealgaemakemoreefficientuseofnutrients.
2.WhichofthefollowingismostsimilartotheroleplayedbymarinealgaeintheglobalclimatecontrolsystemproposedbyLovelock?
A.Afanthatcontinuallyreplacesstaleairinaroomwithfreshairfromoutside.
B.Athermostatthatautomaticallycontrolsanair-conditioningsystem.C.Aninsulatingblanketthatretainsheat.D.Afilterusedtopurifywater.
E.Adehumidifierthatconstantlyremovesmoisturefromtheairinaroom.
3.Thepassagementionsthepossiblebenefittoalgaeofnitrogenfallingdownintherainmostlikelyinorderto
A.ProvidesupportforLovelock’sresponsetoanobjectionmentionedinthepassage.
B.SuggestthattheclimaticeffectsofDMSproductionhavebeenunderestimated.
C.AcknowledgethatLovelock’shypothesisisbasedinpartonspeculation.
D.DemonstratethatDMSproductionalterstheplanetinmorethanoneway.
E.AssertthatalgaearethesolebeneficiariesofDMSproduction.
答案：CBA
Passage23
WhenEarthformed4.6billionyearsago,theSunburnedonly70percentasbrightlyasitdoestoday.YetGeologicrecordcontainsnoevidenceforwidespreadglaciationuntil2.3billionyearsago.SaganandMullensuggestedinthe1970sthatammonia,agreenhousegas,warmedearlyEarth’satmosphere,butsubsequentresearchshowedthattheSun’sultravioletraysrapidlydestroyammoniainanoxygen-freeenvironment,suchasthatofearlyEarth.ManyscientistsnowattributemuchofthewarmingofearlyEarthtooxygen-intolerantmicrobes—methanogens—thatproducethegreenhousegasmethane.Themethanogenhypothesiscouldhelptoexplainthefirstglobaliceage:2.3billionyearsago,Earth’satmospherebegantofillwithoxygenproducedbyothermicrobes—cyanobacteria—causingmethanogenstodeclinerapidly.
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