1986年~2000年考研真题翻译部分
1986年
Translate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points) It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. (21) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. (22) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. (23) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. (24) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders” with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn?t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn?t have ended up as an interpreter, but it?s too late now. I couldn?t go back and begin all over again.”
(25) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one?s time at university. (26) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning. (27) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. (28) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.
一、文章结构分析
本文强调了要为大学生提供更多课程方面的信息，从而使他们在对各门不同学科进行钻研之后，选择符合自己兴趣和能力的学科。
二、试题具体解析
21. 本题考核的知识点是：主从复合句、形式主语。
【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件从句，主句为it is not hard to see …，可以采用顺译法，保留句子原来的顺序。主句中it为形式主语，不定式结构to see …为真正的主语。how difficult it is … abilities为see的宾语从句。从句的主干结构为how difficult it is for a student to …，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式结构to select the course，过去分词短语most suited to his interests and abilities做后置定语，修饰先行词the course。翻译该从句时应将真正的主语内容译出。
【词义确定】variety (of sth)意为“不同种类，多种式样”；suited to sth意为“合适，适当”。
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【翻译】如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
22. 本题考核的知识点是：主从复合句、不定式结构。
【句子结构】该句为主从复合句。句首为if引导的条件从句，主句为he will undoubtedly benefit。条件句的主干为If a student goes to university，三个并列的不定式结构做目的状语：to acquire … to enlarge … and to learn …。
【词义确定】acquire意为“获得，取得，学到”；perspective意为“看法，观点”。
【翻译】如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。
23.本题考核的知识点是：固定结构、不定式结构、状语。
【句子结构】该句的主干为Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere to …。注意，too … to … 结构除了用于“too + 形容词或副词+ to do sth”外，也可用于“too + 形容词+ a / an + 单数可数名词+ to do sth”。句末为较长的不定式结构to allow … 做结果状语。Atmosphere和不定式之间插入的介词短语with its time tables and disciplines做状语，根据语义，可以译为汉语的原因状语。
【词义确定】restricting意为“限制的”；atmosphere意为“气氛”；allow (sb sth)意为“给予……”；assessment意为“估价，评估”。
【翻译】学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。
24. 本题考核的知识点是：插入语，方式状语，主语补语
【句子结构】该句的插入语部分I believe可放在句子最前面，从而看成“主谓句+宾语从句”的句型，译为：我认为……。宾语从句的主干是Most students would profit by …，介词短语by a year of …studies做方式状语，修饰profit，译为“通过/经过……”。句末especially those …是从句主语的补语，翻译时可提前跟在主语后。
【词义确定】exploration意为“探测，探索”，这里根据与academic studies的搭配，译为“钻研”。all rounder意为“多面手”，根据上下文译为“全面发展的学生”。
【翻译】我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
25. 本题考核的知识点是：there be句型、后置定语
【句子结构】该句的主干结构为there be句型，即There is another side，介词短语to the question …做后置定语，修饰名词side。其中question后跟有介词短语of how to make the best use of one?s time at university做后置定语，说明其具体内容。
【词义确定】side意为“方面”；介词to意为“属于，关于，对于”；make the best use of意为“充分地利用”。
【翻译】当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。 26. 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句
【句子结构】该句的主干是This is the case of the student，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词student。
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【词义确定】case意为“情形，情况”。excel in意为“在……方面出类拔萃”；branch of learning意为“知识的一门分科”。
【翻译】某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。 27. 本题考核的知识点是：分词结构、名词转译为动词
【句子结构】 该句的主干为He is immediately accepted by … , and spends his three or four years becoming … , 其中谓语部分为and连接的两个动词短语，前一个是被动语态is accepted by，后一个是spend time doing sth的结构。分词结构emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of …做结果状语，由于该部分较长，可单独译成一句。句末名词从句what the rest of the world is all about做介词of的宾语。
【词义确定】the University of his choice和little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about中choice和knowledge都有动作含义，应译为“选择大学”和“了解外界”。emerge意为“露头，出现”。
【翻译】他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。
28. 本题考核的知识点是：主语从句、条件状语从句
【句子结构】该句的主干是It therefore becomes more and more important that …，其中it为形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。主语从句中嵌套了if条件句，主语从句的主干为there will have to be much more detailed information。由于主语从句较长，可以先单独译成一句话。
【翻译】因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
三、全文翻译
发现有多少上大学的年轻人对将来要做什么没有任何明确的想法，将是一件有趣的事情。（21）如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。（22）如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。（23）学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。（24）我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。他们应该有更长的时间来决定想拿什么学科的学位，以便在以后的岁月里回顾过去时不会说，“我希望自己是一名考古学家。如果我没有获得现代语言的学位，就不会成为一名翻译，但现在为时已晚。我不能回头再重新来过了。
（25）当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。（26）某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。（27）他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间成为一名专家。结果他以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。（28）因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的的建议。这个问题显得越来越重要了。只有这样，我们才能确保：一方面，我们不会有一帮对自己学科以外的事情完全无知的专家，另一方面，我们不会有越来越多的毕业生具备这个工作世界很少或没有需求的学科
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的知识。 1987年
Translate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points) Have there always been cities? (26) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of man?s social existence. (27) Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment. (28) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and technology could have come into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity. (29) In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. What has happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts, the “right side of town” and the slums.
Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them. (30) But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Of course, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will. (31) And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together communally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and the communications industry?
It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do. (32) To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. Living conditions could not help but improve, at least for a while. But would the problems return after the rebuilding was completed?
Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban areas, the problem of the cities must be solved. (33) From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on
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specific goals, and from there to total inaction. At the basis of much of this inaction is an old-fashioned concept -- the idea human conditions will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal.
一、试题结构分析
本文先论述城市对于人类生活的重要性，接着提到城市带来的问题。最后介绍有关目前这样的城市是否应该保存下去而产生的不同意见。
二、试题具体解析
26. 本题考核的知识点是：并列分句。
【句子结构】该句是but连接的两个并列分句，前一分句的主干为Life may seem inconceivable，其中主语后介词短语without urban areas做定语；后一分句的主干是cities are relatively recent development。
【词义确定】inconceivable意为“不可思议的”。
【翻译】对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。
27. 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。
【句子结构】该句主干是city life has always been among the elements，which引导定语从句修饰elements。
【词义确定】element意为“要素”。
【翻译】从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。 28. 本题考核的知识点是：形式主语，宾语从句。
【句子结构】该句的主干为It is virtually impossible to imagine …，其中it为形式主语，不定式结构to imagine …是真正的主语。that引导的从句做imagine的宾语。
【词义确定】come into being意为“出现，存在，形成”。
【翻译】如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。 29. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句、定语从句。
【句子结构】however一词表明本句与上文之间的转折关系。该句的主干为people have begun to become aware that …，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干是cities are also areas，where引导的定语从句修饰areas。
【词义确定】aware意为“意识到的”；concentration意为“集中”。 【翻译】可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题集中的地方。 30. 本题考核的知识点是：后置定语、宾语从句。
【句子结构】该句的主干为But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question，of引导的介词短语做后置定语，修饰question，说明是什么样的问题。whether or not引导的宾语从句做介词of的宾语。
【词义确定】concern意为“涉及，与...有关”；preserve意为“保存，保持”。 【翻译】但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。 31. 本题考核的知识点是：同位语从句、定语从句。
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