machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rate of 2,600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes.
But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the new computerized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121. (22) A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind.
(23) Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement” has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing. (24) “It?s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.” Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of workers. (25) The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.
(26) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary... that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys. (27) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,” Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unemployed is for now. (28) Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.
一、试题结构分析
本文开始以一位在高级电子设备公司工作的员工为例说明技术的发展提高了工作效率和改善了工作条件，接着转折指出，但技术的发展却造成了失业率的提高，并分析失业率带来的不良影响。
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二、试题具体解析
21. 本题考核的知识点是：并列结构
[句子结构] 该句的主语是she，谓语是and连接的并列动词短语laboured over 和turned out 18 per hour。laboured over后接有并列的名词a microscope和hand-welding tiny electronic computers。
[词义确定]laboured over意为“辛苦工作”，welding意为“焊接”，turn out意为“生产”。 [翻译]她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。 22. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句
[句子结构]该句的主干为A plant follow-up survey showed that…，that引导的从句做宾语。
[词义确定]plant意为“工厂”；follow-up意为“跟进，跟踪”；layoff意为“临时解雇”；released意为“解雇的”。
[翻译]一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的新工作。
23. 本题考核的知识点是：独立主格结构
[句子结构]该句句首为“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成的独立主格结构：Its beginnings obscured by … slow-down，做让步状语。句子主干为the new technological unemployment may emerge as …。
[词义确定]obscure意为“隐藏”；emerge as意为“成为”。
[翻译]虽然它（新技术的采用导致失业上升）一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。
24. 本题考核的知识点是：并列句，强调句
[句子结构]该句为but连接的并列句。but前的分句的主干为It?s humiliating to be … and there is no way to fight back，but后的分句为强调句，即it is the effort … that really hurts。
[词义确定]humiliating意为“丢脸的”；be done out of your job意为“失业”。
[翻译]被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。
25. 本题考核的知识点是：后置定语
[句子结构]该句是个简单句，主干为The old workers … often never regain their old status and employment，过去分词短语trapped by their limited skills做后置定语，修饰主语名词The old workers。
[词义确定]trapped意为“受限制”；regain意为“恢复，复得”。
[翻译]老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。 26. 本题考核的知识点是：后置定语
[句子结构]该句是个简单句，主干为The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments，过去分词短语made by the government做后置定语，修饰名词the welfare and unemployment payments。
[词义确定]go beyond意为“超过(胜过)”。
[翻译]要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。 27. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句, 定语从句
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[句子结构]该句的主干为But futurologist Hymen Seymour says，后面部分为省略了关系代词的宾语从句。该从句的主干为the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means，后面部分也为省略了关系代词的宾语从句。该从句的主干为there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor，定语从句that needs to be done修饰名词human labor。
[词义确定]futurologist意为“未来学家”；astonishing意为“可惊异的”；net意为“净余的,纯粹的”。 [翻译]但是未来学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。
28. 本题考核的知识点是：并列句, 宾语从句
[句子结构]该句为but连接的并列句，but后的分句的主干为few experts believe，后面为省略了关系代词的宾语从句(that) they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.
[词义确定]fund意为“资助”；under way意为“在进行中”；keep up with意为“跟上”；pace意为“速度”。 [翻译]为失业工人提供的由联邦政府资助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但很少有专家认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。
三、全文翻译
当简·马西森十二年前在高级电子设备公司开始工作时，（21）她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。现在她照料每小时可生产2600个高容量存储芯片的电脑化机器。生产提高了，利润增加了，收入也增加了。马西森女士说现在的工作对她眼睛的损害减少了很多。
但是高级电子设备公司的变化所带来的最显著的影响却是那些不在该公司工作的工人感受到的。在引进新的电脑设备之前，工厂里有940名工人。现在有121个人。（22）一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的新工作。几乎一半的人最终接受了低收入的工作，超过13%的人仍然处于失业状态。在这个国家像高级电子设备公司这样的例子还有几百个，它们进入了最新智能技术阶段，但是将大多数工人都抛在了后面。
（23）虽然它（新技术的采用导致失业上升）一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。一位企业经济学家说，自工业革命开始“机器替代工作”就一直伴随着我们，但却从未达到现在的速度。人类付出的代价将是惊人的。（24）被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。像简·马西森这样的一些工人在操作这种新设备时有局限，但操作它往往需要一整套新技能，而这往往意味着需要更少的一批新工人。（25）老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。许多人转向边缘领域的工作。他们对自己的新工作没有自豪感。他们的待遇很差，因而感到很痛苦，但是相比那些从未找到工作的人而言，他们仍然是幸运的。
（26）要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。一项新的联邦调查显示，失业率增加导致离婚几率、虐待儿童、酗酒的增加。一些专家说这个问题只是暂时的…，新技术最终将创造与失去的同样多的就业机会。（27）但是未来学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。塞莫尔说：“我们应该将这视为一个给人们更多休闲的机会。这也
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许不容易，但社会在劳动分工和分配上必然将达到一种新的一致。”他预计到本世纪末大部分人将每日只工作六小时，每周工作四天。但是失业的担忧却是现在就存在的。（28）为失业工人提供的由联邦政府资助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但很少有专家认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。未来的几年中对于很大比例的劳动力而言，将是一个非常艰难的时代。 1990年
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (21) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”
(22) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (23) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (24) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (25) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don?t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (26) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (27) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (28) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
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Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
一、试题结构分析
本文先引出了关于人类的性格和行为是怎样形成的两种截然不同的理论。接着分别介绍了“天性”论和“培养”论的不同观点。最后举例说明了这两种理论的社会和政治影响。
二、试题具体解析
21. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句
[句子结构] 该句的主干为They want to explain …，why引导的从句做explain的宾语。 [词义确定]possess意为“拥有”；characteristic“特性，特征”；exhibit“呈现，展现”。 [翻译]他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。 22. 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句，宾语从句
[句子结构] 该句的主干为Those … believe that …，who引导的定语从句做后置定语，修饰主语those，that引导的从句做believe的宾语。
[词义确定]side意为“一方”；conflict意为“冲突”；pattern意为“模式，式样”。
[翻译]在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。
23. 本题考核的知识点是：主语从句，插入语。
[句子结构] 该句的主干为That … is central to this theory，其中主语由that引导的从句担当，从句的主干为our environment has little to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior。
[词义确定]if anything意为“如果有什么的话”；have … to do with意为“与…有关”。
[翻译]这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
24. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句
[句子结构] 该句的主干为The behaviorists maintain that …，其中that引导宾语从句。 [词义确定]maintain意为“主张”；respond to意为“对...反应”。
[翻译]行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。 25. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句，后置定语
[句子结构] 该句的主干为Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that …，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干为we are born with a certain capacity，介词短语for learning和定语从句that is biologically determined都做后置定语，修饰名词capacity。
[词义确定]insist意为“坚持,强调”；capacity意为“能力”；determine意为“决定”。
[翻译]支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
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