26. 本题考核的知识点是：多重从句的嵌套
[句子结构] 该句的特点是多重从句的嵌套。句子主干为Behaviorists suggest that …，that引导的从句做suggest的宾语。该从句的主干为the child … will experience greater intellectual development，其中who引导的定语从句（who is raised in an environment … responses）做后置定语，修饰主语名词the child。其中environment后又接有where引导的定语从句（where there are many stimuli …responses）修饰它。其中名词stimuli后又接有which引导的定语从句修饰它（which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses）。
[词义确定]raise意为“抚养”；stimuli意为“刺激”。
[翻译]行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
27. 本题考核的知识点是：简单句
[句子结构] 该句为简单句，其主干为blacks often score below whites，介词短语on standardized intelligence tests做状语。
[词义确定]score意为“得分”；standardized意为“标准的”。 [翻译]在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。 28. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句，同位语从句，定语从句
[句子结构]该句的插入语in contrast表明它和上文之间的转折关系。句子的主干为Behaviorists say that …，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干为differences in scores are due to the fact that …，其中that引导的从句做the fact的同位语。该同位语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句that whites enjoy修饰名词advantages。
[词义确定]due to意为“因为”；deprive sb of sth意为“剥夺”；advantage意为“优势,有利条件”。 [翻译]相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
三、全文翻译
很长时间以来人们一直想知道他们的性格和行为是怎样形成的。很难解释为什么一个人聪明，而另一个人愚笨或者为什么一个人善于合作，而另一个人酷爱竞争。
当然，社会科学家对这几类问题极其感兴趣。（21）他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。对此还没有清晰的答案，但是关于这一点已经形成了两个不同的思想流派。正如人们所预计的，这两种思想方式是截然不同的。这一分歧通常被简称为“天性与培养”。
（22）在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。（23）这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
该理论的极致观点是：我们的行为是先天注定的，以至于我们几乎完全受本能的控制。
那些支持“培养”论的人，即提倡教育者，经常被称之为“行为主义者”。他们声称，在决定我们会有怎样的行为上，环境比生物决定的本能更重要。行为主义学家伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳将人类看作其行为几乎完全受到环境影响的生物。（24）行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。
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让我们检验一下这两种理论提出的对人类特点、智商的不同解释。（25）支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。不用说，他们不相信环境因素对基本上由先天决定的特点有很大影响。另外一方面，行为主义者认为我们的智商水平是经验的产物。（26）行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
这两种理论的社会和政治影响是深刻的。（27）在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。这使得一些“天性”提倡者得出在生物学上黑人比白人低劣的观点。（28）相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
大多数人认为这两种理论都未能充分解释人类的行为。 1991年
The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (31) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (32) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world?s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.
(33) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (34) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food?exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (35) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural
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food”.
31. [解析] 本题考核知识点：并列句的处理，短语、被动句的译法。
本句由两个并列分句组成：The supply of oil can be shut off…, and …, the oil wells will all run dry…。第一个分句中unexpectedly和at any time为shut off的状语；第二个分句中in thirty years or so 和at the present rate of use为run dry的状语。Run dry 相当于become dry。well意思为“井”。in any case“无论如何”是修饰整个第二个分句的状语。
译文：石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
32. [解析]本题考核知识点：嵌套式定语从句、嵌套式并列结构的译法。
本句主干是but连接的并列分句。在第一个分句中还嵌入一个and 连接的并列句。That will ever restore …..past为定语从句，修饰名词situation。此定语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句we have had in the times past，修饰先行词sense。
对于此类“从句套从句”的复杂句，翻译时需根据语法分析理清句中各部分的关系，然后用地道的汉语表达进行翻译。切忌过分直译造成修饰成分的堆积，从而使得表达混乱。
译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。
33.[解析]本题考核知识点：非限制性定语从句的译法。
本句主干为 The food supply will not increase…，enough to… 结构做结果状语，意为“足以……”。which …food 为非限制性定语从句，其中which指代整个主句的内容，因此可以用“这”来重复翻译前文的内容。
译文：食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
34. [解析] 本题考核知识点：状语从句中嵌套定语从句的翻译处理。
本句主干为：This will be particularly true… 。since…为 原因状语从句。状语从句的主干是since energy pinch will make it difficult to…，其中不定是结构to continue agriculture in the … fashion是动词make的真实宾语。定语从句that makes …high yields修饰先行词fashion。
译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
35. [解析] 本题考核知识点：时间状语从句、定语从句的译法。
此句的主干为：People will have to accept more “unnatural food”，句首Until such time as …for all为时间状语从句，其中where…for all为定语从句，修饰先行词the point，where相当于in which(the point)，译为“到这样的程度”。
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译文：．除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
参考译文
事实是，虽然官方突然宣布能源危机的存在，然而长期以来我们一直面临着能源危机，而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不断地流出，人人都清楚，再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础了。（31）石油供应可能随时会被突然切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
（32）必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内，人类将谨慎前进，而且应该对自己能够继续前进感到非常幸运。 使目前状况更糟的是，至今尚无迹象表明，世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降，但是在21世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过60亿，或许甚至超过70亿。 （33）食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。
考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以适当地估计一下2001年的超级市场将会是什么样子呢?
首先，今后的30年内，世界的食品供应日益紧张，甚至美国这里也不例外。到2001年美国人口将至少达到2亿5千万，也可能是2亿7千万。那时，美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。（34）这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了，而按照这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。
几乎可以肯定，到2001年美国将不再是一个食品输出国；如果必须出口的话，那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。
实际上，由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少，这就非常有可能更多地使用调味添加物。（35）除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
1992年
“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. 31) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child?s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to—it was not designed for such purposes. 32) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a
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comparative affair.
33) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do one?s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 34) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; What we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence”. 35) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
31. [解析] 本题考核知识点：比较句、过去分词做后置定语的译法。
该句主干为 there is more agreement on…than there is (agreement) on… 比较双方为the agreement on the kinds of behavior 和the agreement on how to interpret or classify them。referred to by the term为过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰behavior。How to interpret or classify them为代疑问词的不定式结构，做介词on 的宾语。
词汇：interpret 译为“解释”。 Classify 译为“对…进行分类”。
标准译文：人们对智力这个词所指的各种表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现的解释或分类则有不同的看法。
32.[解析] 本题考核知识点：代词的指代、类比句和不定式做主语的译法。
该句主干为 To criticize …for…is comparable to criticizing…for…。Criticize…for…直译为：因为…批评…，为了更符合汉语的表达习惯可译为：批评…的…。it 指上文提到的intelligence test。Such failure指上文提到的the failure to measure character…artistic abilities. be comparable to表示类比，可译为：类似于。
标准译文：批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
33. [解析]本题考核知识点：原因状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的译法。
本句主干为：we must be sure that…，句首now since….matter为原因状语从句。that the scale …provides a … comparison为be sure后接的宾语从句。其中，with which引导定语从句修饰主语名词the scale。
标准译文：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比较。
34. [解析] 本题考核知识点：被动句、条件状语从句、定语从句的翻译。
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