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v. What does this French word mean? 这个法语词是什么意思？ I mean to go tomorrow. 我打算明天走。 I mean what I say. 我是言出必行。
注意：meaning n. 意义，含义 means n. 方法，方式(单复数同形)
e. g. The quickest means of travel is by plane. 最快的交通工具是飞机。 3. threaten vt. 恐吓；威胁；预示危险 threat n. 威胁，恫吓，有……的危险
e. g. I was threatened with a beating if I didn’t obey.如果我不听话，就会有被打的危险。 The black clouds threatened rain.天上乌云密布怕要下雨了。
e. g. The Chinese don’t take their threat seriously.中国人不把他们的威胁当一回事儿。 There is a threat of rain.有下雨的迹象。
搭配：threaten sb. with sth. 用……威胁某人，threaten to do sth. 威胁要做某事 under the threat of …在……的威胁下
4. regret n. 遗憾；悔恨；抱歉 vt. 遗憾；后悔
e. g. n. They said goodbye with great regret. 他们满怀遗憾地告别。 I left my home with some regret. 我满怀许多遗憾离开了家。
vt. regret to do 遗憾地去说，去告知……regret doing 后悔做过了
e. g. He regretted to say that he couldn’t stay here any more.他遗憾地说不能再呆下去了。 He regretted buying these books.他后悔买了这些书。 5. value n. 价值，价格 vt. 估价；珍视，重视 adj. valuable 值钱的 valueless不值钱的
e. g. n. Your ideas have little value. =Your ideas are of little value.你的主意，没有多少价值。 vt. He valued the house at $3 500 他对这所房子估价为三千五百美金。
I’ve always valued your friendship/your advice.我一向珍重你的友谊/重视你的意见。 6．road, street, path与way
road指两地之间能通行人或车辆的大道，意为―公路，马路；道路；途径；‖ street指城市乡镇中两边有建筑物的路段，意为―街道‖； path指由行人在田野林间踩成的道，往往较窄小蜿蜒曲折；
way指到达目的地所经过的途径，意为―道路、途径‖，含义较抽象。有时还引申为―方法、方式或手段‖。
7. through prep.
(1)从……通过，穿过
e. g. The River Thames flows through London. 泰晤士河流经伦敦。
比较：across是从平面或表面穿过，如across the street, 而along 是沿着……走。 (2)在……中，一直到
e. g. She nursed me through my long illness.我病了很长时间，她都一直护理着我。 (3)经历，经受
e. g. He was through too much during the war. 战争中他经历了太多。 (4)通过
e. g. We got the news through our friend. 我们通过朋友得到了这个消息。 He got the job through his uncle. 他通过他叔叔得到了这份工作。 (5)(指原因、理由)由于，因为，相当于because of 和as a result。 e. g. We missed the plane through being held up on the motorway. 由于高速公路上交通堵塞，我们误了班机。
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e. g. I lost the job through no fault of mine.我失去了工作并不是由于我自己的原因。 8. affect vt. (1)影响 (2)感染
e. g. Smoking affects health. 吸烟影响健康。
Her heart has become affected. 她的心脏受感染了。
effect n. 影响，效果，作用 v. 实现have an effect on…对……有影响 e. g. Smoking has a bad effect on health. 吸烟对健康有影响。 come into effect 生效, 实行
e. g. The law went into effect yesterday. 法律昨天生效。 take effect 生效，开始发生作用
e. g. The medicine is taking effect. 药开始起作用了。
· 重点词组解析 ·
1.stand on的意思是―用……站立‖。例如： stand on one’s head 倒立
stand on one leg like a cock金鸡独立
2. clear up
(1)晴朗起来，开朗起来
e. g. The weather has cleared up; we can go out.天气转好了，我们可以出去了。 e. g. Her face cleared up as she read the letter.当她读信时脸慢慢变晴。 (2)整理；收拾
eg. Clear up the rubbish at once.立刻把垃圾收拾好。 与 up 搭配的词组有：
break up(分解，腐蚀) go up(上升、上涨) bring up(抚养，提出，呕吐) hold up(阻挡)
do up(扣好) fix up(修理，安顿) give up(放弃) keep up(保持，继续) look up(查找) shut up(闭嘴)
make up(构成，和解) pick up(捡起，接人) put up(建立，投宿) stay up(熬夜，挺住) set up(建立) take up(占据，拿起) turn up(调大，露面)
3.used to do意为―过去习惯做……，现在不做了‖；只用于过去时态。
be used to sth. /doing sth. = be accustomed to sth. /doing sth. 意为―习惯于做某事‖；可用于现在、过去、将来等多种时态。be可用get, become等来代替。be used to do sth. 意为―被用来做……‖。
e. g. He used to get up at 6: 00 a. m. 他过去早上六点起床。
He is used / accustomed to getting up at 6：00 a. m. 他现在习惯早晨六点起床。 Wood is used to make tables. 木头用来做桌子。
4.become of解释―发生……情况；……怎么啦！‖相当于happen to … What will become of the children now that the parents are dead?
父母死了，孩子们会怎么样啦？
I don’t know what has become of him. 我不知道他的遭遇如何。
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5.find oneself ……的意思是―发现自己（处于某种状态）；不知不觉地…‖例如： When day broke, we found ourselves in a village at the foot of the mountain. 天亮时，我们发现自己来到了那座山脚下的一个村子里。
Suddenly I found myself at the water’s edge. 我忽然发现自己站在水边了。
Then I found myself surrounded by half a dozen boys. 然后我突然发现六个男孩围着自己。 6.go down意为―下降，降落‖，可以指太阳，月亮的落下，也可指船只的沉没，价格的下跌。例如： The sun is going down in the west behind the mountains. 太阳正在西方下山。 Prices don’t seem to be going down.物价似乎不会下跌。 The ship has gone down in the storm. 船在风暴中沉没了。
· 重点句型解析 ·
1. It has often been said that life is difficult as it is. 人们常说现实生活已经够艰难的了。 ①―It is said that …‖是常见的句型，意思是―据说，人们说‖再如：
It is said that the population of males is larger than that of females in China.
据说中国男性人口高于女性人口。
It is said that he has gone abroad. 据说他已出国了。
这种句型其实是―People say that …‖的被动语态。类似结构还有：It is thought that…；It is reported that …；It is believed that …；It is hoped that…等。 ②as it is 也是固定的结构，解释―根据现在情况看；就以现在样子‖，常用于句子开头或结尾。例如： I thought things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse. 我原以为情况会好转，但照现在的样子看，只会更糟。
2. For women it sometimes seems twice as difficult. 对妇女来说，有时生活似乎是难上加难。 该句相当于For women life sometimes seems twice as difficult as it is. 倍数的表达法可以有以下几种表示：
The room is twice bigger than mine. The room is twice as big as mine.
The room is twice the size of mine.
注意：倍数词总是位于第一as前，并且第二个as在上下文意义明确的情况下可省略。
3．What kind of people do you think they are? 你认为他们是什么类型的人？ ①kind着重指由于具有共同兴趣或特征而在一起的人，动物或物体。
如：Tom is the kind of person who likes outdoor games. 汤姆是那种喜欢户外游戏的人。 This is the kind of room that I feel at home in. 这种房间我感到没有拘束。
②本句为常do you think的特殊疑问句用法，其语序为―疑问词+do you think+疑问句的其他部分（陈述语序）‖。如：
Who do you think has taken his wallet? 你认为谁拿了他的钱包？ What do you think I have bought for you? 你猜我为你买来了什么？ 可以这样用的动词还有suppose, guess, believe, imagine, expect.
4．What else, but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica? 除了去世界另一头南极洲旅行，还会干什么呢？
①这是一句省略句，完整的结构是：What else would I do but a journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica?句中的but是介词，意为―除了……‖，相当于except，常与不定代词、疑问代词等连用。例如： In winter, bears can do nothing but lie down and sleep. 在冬天，熊只能躺下睡觉。
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②else是个形容词，意为―其他的，别的‖，不作前置定语，只能用在疑问词where, what, which, who等或不定代词something, anything等后，表示追加说明。如：
Is there anything else you want to say? 你还有什么要说的话吗？
Where else did you go besides Beijing?除了北京，你还到过哪？ else的所有格是else’s, 如： Who else’s advice do you want to take? 你想听谁的劝告？
I’ll have to borrow someone else’s car. 我得借别人的车。
5．Another journey of challenge and danger was about to begin. 又一次具有危险和挑战的旅行即将开始。 ①介词短语作定语时，句子的谓语动词应根据被其修饰的前面的中心词来决定。 ②be about to do即将发生的动作或动作刚要开始。如： The teacher is about to write down the new words.
注意：be about to do 不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用，但可以用在be about to do when…结构中，如：
I was about to leave when the telephone began to ring.
6．I had traveled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent up before the wind became too strong. 一天，我刚走了两个小时，突然狂风大 作，我只好趁风力还不算太大之前，支起帐蓬。
①when 表示过早发生某事（常可译为―还没（刚刚）……就‖）。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when the dog barked. 我还没把门打开，狗就叫了起来。
The students hadn’t played football long when the bell rang. 学生们足球没踢一会儿，铃就响了。 when还表示突然发生某事（常译为―……正在……忽然‖）。例如：
A few days later, I was moving forward over a slope that seemed safe when suddenly without warning my world dropped out from under my skis. 几天以后，我正在一个似乎安全的斜坡上前行，突然，毫不预兆，滑雪板下的大地陷下去了。
from常与另一个介词短语连用。如：
The moon appeared from behind the clouds. 月亮从云层后面露出了脸。 A rat ran out from under the bed. 一只老鼠从床底下跑了出来。 He swam from across the river. 他从河那边游了过来。 ②put up 作―举起，抬起，搭起盖房子‖讲。例如：
They are putting up several new houses on our street. 我们这条街上正在盖几栋新房子。 Put up your hands if you have any questions. 有问题请举手。
· 语法精讲 ·
主谓一致
英语句子中主语和谓语在人称和数方面的一致是英语中最基本的语法项目之一，三个重要原则是：语法一致、意义一致、就近原则。在这里我们主要介绍集合名词主谓一致的用法。
(1)有些集合名词，如：police, cattle(牛群)，people, militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，folk(民众)等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词需用复数。
e. g. Many people are on the side of the winners. 许多人站在获胜者那边。 The police have caught the thief. 警察已抓到了小偷。 Cattle are eating grass. 牛群正在吃草。
(2)有些集合名词，如：family, committee(委员会)，class, crowd, crew(全体船员)，team, public, group,
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government(政府)，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时，谓语用复数。
e. g. Our family is not poor any more. 我们家不再穷了。 My family all speak English. 我家人都说英语。
The population of China is large, and 80% of the population are peasants. 中国人口众多，80%的人口是农民。
· 同步练习 ·
1. The Chinese people __________ hard-working and brave. A. are B. is C. has been D. are being
2. The police __________ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre. A. is searching for B. were searching for C. are searching for D. were searching
3. My family __________ small, but my family __________ all model workers. A. is; are B. are; is C. were; are D. were; is 4. Each soldier and each sailor __________ a rifle. A. are given B. was given C. being given D. were given
5. The population of the country __________ large, and two fifths of it __________ workers. A. is; is B. are; are C. is; are D. are; is
6. He is the one of the students who __________ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
7. The guest, along with his wife and two sons __________ at the table. A. was seating B. were seated C. were seating D. was seated
8. The shoes __________ mine. This pair of shoes __________ my brother’s. A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are 9. Books of this kind __________ well. A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold
10. Tom, more than anyone else, __________ anxious to go to China again. A. is B. are C. has D. have 参考答案
1. A people作主语，谓语动词用复数。 2. B police作主语，谓语动词用复数。
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