学校代码 10530 学 号 200704020329 分 类 号 D917.3 密 级
硕 士 学 位 论 文
默顿社会失范理论研究
学 位 申 请 人 田 丰
指 导 教 师 杜雄柏 教授 学 院 名 称 法 学 院 学 科 专 业 刑 法 学 研 究 方 向 犯 罪 学
二〇一〇年五月八日
Research on Mertons AnomieTheory
，
Candidate Tian Feng
Supervisor Prof. Du Xiong bai
College Law School
Program Criminal Law
Specialization Criminology
Degree Master of Law
University Xiang Tan University Date May 8th，2010
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摘 要
默顿的社会失范理论是一种从社会学的角度解释犯罪的理论。它是默顿在继承了前人的失范论的基础上发展而来的，在美国犯罪学史上产生过重要的影响。默顿认为犯罪有着深刻的社会结构根源，社会结构无序是导致犯罪的重要原因之一。默顿的这一理论将犯罪的原因解释为社会结构中的文化目标和实现该目标的制度性手段之间的脱节。文化目标就是全社会成员所持有的合法目标，是每个社会成员所为之奋斗的目标。默顿将美国社会共同的奋斗目标理解为“金钱成功”，而且美国社会对此目标也十分重视。制度性手段就是人们达到目的的符合法律规范的手段，即合法手段。由于社会对合法目标的过分强调，相应地对达到合法目标的合法手段的重视不够，从而使得两者之间脱节。人们无法通过合法的手段达到其所追求的目的，就会产生一种失范的压力。人们为了减轻压力就会通过一系列的手段来缓解，犯罪行为就是减轻压力的手段之一。
默顿认为,处于社会底层的人是产生失范压力的主要群体，因为社会底层的人缺乏通向成功的途径。由于社会结构不合理的限制，社会底层的人即使再努力也无法实现社会所一致公认的成功目标。为此，处在社会不同结构位置的人就会采取不同的适应类型。默顿将其分为五种类型：遵从、创新、仪式主义、退却主义、反抗。“遵从”是社会上了大部分人所采取的适应方式，也是社会秩序得以维持的前提。“创新”也就是犯罪，当人们无法通过合法手段达到合法目的时，非法手段的采取就无法避免，因此犯罪就出现了。
默顿的社会失范理论认为，犯罪是社会结构的两个因素——合法目标和合法手段的脱节所导致的。由此就为我们研究犯罪和预防犯罪提供了全新的视角：要想从根本上控制和预防犯罪就必须要有一个良好的社会结构，使社会的文化目标和合法手段要处于和谐的状态。社会结构的不完善和不和谐是导致犯罪的深层次的原因，通过对社会结构，特别是经济结构的调整，以及社会保障体系的完善就有利于减少犯罪的发生，从而达到预防犯罪的目的。
关键词：默顿；社会失范理论；文化目标；合法手段；预防犯罪
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Abstract
Merton's Anomie theory is a crime theory that explained from the sociological`s view, which were inherit the previous anomie theory and have an important influence on American history of criminology. In Merton's opinion, crime is a profound source of social structure, and the disorder of social structure is one of the causes of crime. Merton's theory explain the causes of crime to the disconnect between cultural goals of social structure and the institutional means for achieving those goals. Cultural goals are the legitimate goals that held and strove for by all the members of the society. In Merton’s point of view, the common goal of American society is \is success\much attentions to this goal. Institutional means are legitimate means, which is comply with laws and regulations, and by which, people can achieve their goals. Since the legitimate goals have been over-emphasized by the society, while the attentions on legitimate means in achieving those goals are less, there comes the disconnection between them. When people can not achieve their legitimate goals through institutional means, a so-called pressure Anomie will be produced. In order to relieve that kind of pressure, people will use a series of methods, committing to crime is a kind of those means.
According to Merton, the people at the bottom of society are the major groups to produced anomie pressure, because the bottom of society in ignorance of the ways to success, further more, because unreasonable restrictions on the social structure, the people at the bottom of society can hardly achieve the common goal of the society even though they worked very hard. Therefore, the location of different social structure in the community will take different types of methods to adapt to the society. Here are the five methods mentioned by Merton: compliance, innovation, ritualism, retreat doctrine and resistance. Compliance, taken by most people of the society as the adapt method, is also the prerequisite of maintaining a good social order. Innovation is equal to crime, when people can not achieve their legitimate goals through legitimate means, they have no other choices but taking some illegal means, then crime appears.
Merton's theory point out that crime is caused by the disconnection between the two elements of social structure: legitimate goals and legitimate means, which provide us with new perspective for our research on crime and crime prevention. If we want to control and prevent crime essential, we have to build a good social structure, and make the cultural goals and legitimate means of the society in a harmonious state. Because the incomplete
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