ce the anxiety all novelties have probably caused, both among users and among staff. But this is not the kind of timescale that most senior politicians are comfortable with. Their focus is more intensely short-term: on the next election, the next government reshuffle改组, or even today's television news. The searchlight of political attention moves about from one issue to another much more quickly than complex organizational change can be accomplished between the politician's need for ' something to show now' and the organization reform's need for time, commitment承诺 and continuity has probably grown the general intensification and acceleration of political process in many western democracies. 正如讲解员注意到的那样，使问题变的更加扑朔迷离的是，延期极大地影响了公共管理改革。公共代理的过程和结构中的主要变化带来的全部利益正常而言是无法获得的，直到一次改革过程开始后的三年、四年、五年或者更长时间。首先，新的立法是迫切需要的，然后很必要地需要分析情形，随后需要设计、阐明、精炼新的操作程序，训练员工如何与其工作，详细说明新的角色、适当的酬劳和评估体系，地域上制订新的测量体系，通知服务使用者和其他赌金保管者，然后努力减少所有新奇可能引起的焦虑不安，不管是使用者还是员工。但是这个并不是最顶级的政治家认可的那种时间进度表。他们的焦点更加热情地停留在短期上面：在下一届选举、下一任政府改组或者是今天的电视新闻。在西方的民主政治中，由于一般政治进程的激烈度和加速度变化的结果，政治关注的探照灯从一件事情转移到另一件的速度比不同的政治家之间需要某物来显示现在的和组织改革的对时间、许诺和连续性很可能的增长的需要的需求之间复杂的组织变化能达到的程度快多了。
Unit 3
Reform of the Administration and Local Public Services: Introduction
Since the 1980s, a strong movement for the reform and modernization of public administrations has been developing. Decentralization分权化 and liberalization自由化--allowing market forces to operate in the provision of public services—constitute two significant thrusts冲击 of these reforms. An analysis of developments in France and Spain clearly illustrate
no doubts about this diagnosis诊断 in those regions--. Although decentralization has fundamentally been a national choice, and even a choice of the Constitution in Spain, the liberalization of public services has been linked to Community integration and to the process of opening up markets that it has brought about.
The modernization of local management has not always conformed to a consistent, global plan but rather to impetuses推动力，刺激 arising from the 长期的压力 between the instability of local tax revenue年财政收入 and the growing demands on municipal services. Yet in the United Kingdom, a considerable continuity of concept has been evident since the late 1970s, aimed at introducing a 'new kind of public management' inspired by the practices of private enterprise, which is incr
easingly distancing the British Civil Service from the great principles on which it had been founded since the mid-19th century.
Yet decentralization presupposed a strong revival复兴，恢复 of local democracy and the local government representatives that it produced quickly assumed their new responsibilities. The consolidation联合，统一 of local autonomy自治（ 权）--or of free administration-assumed that real public policies would be put in place in many and varied fields (social services, economic development, culture, infrastructure基础设施 and town planning and environmental protection). Thus, the general jurisdiction司法权，裁判权 clause gradually became established in the three countries, although it was recognized by law in the United Kingdom only by the Local Government Act 2000. This principle constitutes the foundation of the creation of services not provided for by law. It forms the basis of innovation创新，革新 and local responsiveness回应 to the collective needs and demands of the citizens. The local area of action is gradually tending to expand although it is accompanied by a growing integration of spheres of competeventional practices and of the development of joint organizations or organizations common to different local authorities on the same level or on different levels.
Yet the starting points were very different in France and Spain, on the one hand, and in the United Kingdom, on the other. While in France and Spain decentralization meant the transfer of new spheres of competence to the local authorities and greater freedoms to exercise
them, in the United Kingdom the development of the welfare state occurred at local authority level and through the local public sector, which thus gradually came under the increasingly tight control of the central authority. The reforms of the 1980s and those of the Blair Government are not at odds争议，争吵 here. The modernization of public management occurred through the aforementioned change of paradigm and it actually takes the form of new losses for the local authorities地方政府: on the one hand, through an increased control of the central authority中央政府 over certain public policy areas (e. g. education, ceilings上限placed on the taxation of local authorities deemed too extravagant) and, on the other, through the privatization of local public services. In addition, the new management and performance绩效，成就 standards are accompanied by the emergence出现 of new forms of control. the decentralization movement, the liberalization of national public services, accompanied by the new European law on public works contracts, strengthened the place of competition in the provision of local public services. The advance of both movements presupposed an increase in the freedom of local authorities to choose the type of local service management. In principle, the law does not lay down private or delegated management. However, it has greatly extended the obligation to allow market forces to operate if delegation is chosen. In
this context, analysis of the local public services law in France and Spain shows the scope and reality of the reforms. Examination of these two systems is particularly relevant as recourse to private ma
nagement, to the contractual delegation of public services, is inherent in their tradition. Such private management often presupposed the private funding of the service and even of the necessary infrastructure-a management by private firms that leads to a commercial approach to the provision of the service. Marketing of the management, therefore, by means of recourse to an organization governed by private law, although set up by the local authorities. Local public corporations have a very flexible statute, particularly in Spanish law, in which wholly local public capital companies have, for a long time, been established by legislation. Institutions governed by private law, managed according to managerial systems (including accounting) in which the employees the ordinary workers' statute条例，法令. These new standards are perceived as a reduction in local autonomy with respect to the choice of management method.
20世纪80年代以来，公共管理的改革和现代化运动一直在强有力地发展着。地区分权和自由化——允许市场力量进入公共服务领域——构成了改革的两个重要方面。对法国和西班牙发展的一项分析清楚地表明了这股潮流，尽管各地速度和侧重点不同，英国更倾向于地方分权。某些地区把权力转交给地方当局的趋势有所减退，然而，这并不能引起任何对当地改革的分析的疑点。尽管地区分权已经基本上为整个国家所接受，甚至包西班牙宪法，但是公共服务的地区分权则和社区统一以及它所引起的市场开放联系在一起。
地区管理的现代化并不总是起因于一个一致的全球性计划，而是起因于地区税收的不稳定和不断增长的对都市服务的需求之间矛盾这一动力。然而，英国自20世纪70年代以来一直明显地表现出其概念的持续发展，目的就在于介绍一种