ects with private participation in developing countries attracted more than $ 750 billion in investment．直到20世纪90年代，绝大多数发展中国家的公有制经济，资助并操纵着基础设施，往往使其收效微薄。公路、能量、水利和铁路领域的技术利用效率差。在20世纪90年代是，一年里就损失550亿美元，大约是所有发展中国家国内生产总值的1%。但是，20世纪80年代后开始，世界上各个国家开始转向私营企业，使其接管已有设施的运作，并且投资建设新的设施。1990至2001年间，发展中国家里私营企业参与建设的设施工程吸引了多于7.5亿美元的投资。
Efficient transport is critical to the development of competitive economies，but measuring progress in transport is difficult. Data for most transport sectors are often not strictly comparable across countries that do not consistently follow common definitions and specifications. Moreover, the data do not indicate the quality and level of service, which depend on such factors as maintenance budgets, the availability of trained personnel, geographic and climatic conditions, and incentives and competition to provide the best service at the lowest cost. 高效的交通对于竞争激烈的经济的发展很关键，但是衡量交通的发展进程是困难的。国家之间对交通没有一致的定义和规定，严格地说，绝大多数交通部门的数据不具有可比性。再者，数据并不能显示
出其服务的质量和水平，而要看以下因素，如维修费、经过培训的人力资源、地理和气候条件，以及动机和竞争力，力求以最低的价格提供最好的服务。
About 43 percent of the world’s roads are paved，but the share ranges from only about l6 percent in low-income economies to 92 percen
t in high-income economies. Sub-Saharan Africa scores the lowest among regions，with only about l3 percent of roads paved，while developing countries in Europe and Central Asia, with 91 percent，are almost on a par with high-income economies. 世界上大约43%的大路被铺过，但是其份额差距很大，在低收入国家只有16%，而高收入国家有92%。非洲位于最差之列，仅铺了13%的大路，而欧洲和中东地区的发展中国家高达91%，几乎和高收入国家水平相平衡了。
Telecommunications services are improving in quality，accessibility可达性，可获得性，and affordability可承担，可负担性 around the world，thanks to competition in the marketplace accompanied by sound regulation有效管理．Globally，there are l72 fixed telephone mainlines for every l000 people，but large differences remain between low-income economies (around 30 per l 000)and high-income economies(around 600 per l000)．And within countries there are often stark完全的，巨大的 differences in access between the largest city and the average for the country. In Sri Lanka, for example, there are about 300 telephone mainlines for every l000 residents in Colombo, while the average for the country is only 44 per l000. In many countries people are turning to mobile phones. In Latin America, at l61 per l000 people, mobile phones are almost as numerous as fixed line telephones (165 per l000 people). 由于有良好规范的市场竞争，电信服务一直在质量、便利和价格方面不断改进。世界上每1000个人中有172根固定电话线，但低收入人群（1000个人中有30根）与高收入人群（1000个人中有600根）依然有很大的差别。在一些国家内部，最大的城市和一般城市之间往往有非常明显的差别。比如，在斯里兰卡，
可伦坡的1000人中有300根电话线，而整个国家的平均水平才只有44根。在许多国家里，人们正在转向移动电话。拉丁美洲中，1000个人中有161根，而移动电话的数量几乎与固定电话相等（1000个人中有165部）。
Essential to building a knowledge economy is ensuring access for all to computers and the Internet．The digital divide between rich and poor economies-the-gap in access to information and communications technology-remains wide，with high-income economies having 416 personal
computers per l000 people and low-income economies only 6 per l000．Even so，ownership of personal computers is growing twice as fast in developing as in high-income economies. Large gaps also exist among developing regions, with developing countries in Europe and Central Asia having about 52 personal computers per l000 people，but South Asia only about 5. 建设知识经济的根本在于确保所有人都有电脑和网络可用。穷人和富人对信息和交流技术的掌握差距依然很大，富人中每1000人中有416台私人电脑，而穷人仅有6台。即使如此，在发展中国家里私人电脑的拥有量正以两倍于发达地区的发展速度增长着。在不同的落后地区，较大的差距也是存在着的，欧洲和中亚地区的发展国家中，每1000人中有52台私人电脑，而南亚仅有5台。
Unit 5
What Is Community?
Communities社区 are natural human associations ties of relationship and shared experiences in which we mutually provide meaning in our lives, meet needs, and accomplish interpersonal人际间的 goals. Our predisposition倾向 to community insures that we become the persons we were meant to become, discover meaning, generate ethical民族的 values, and develop a culture which would be impossible for single, isolated individuals to accomplish alone. When we talk about community, we talk about two things simultaneously. Community is located in space and time and it exists beyond space and time. Community is embodied具体表现 in a place, structure, and presence, but community transcends location; it cannot be confined by structure or mere history. 社区是基于关系和共同经历建立起来的人类自然的联合。在这里我们赋予生活意义，满足需要，实现人际目标。我们的社区倾向确保我们成为我们应该成为的人，确保我们发现生活的意义，创造道德价值，并且发展了一种孤立的个体的我们不可能实现的文化。当我们谈社区的时候，我们同时在谈两件事。社区即存在于时间空间之内也存在于时间空间之外。社区体现于地点，结构及存在，但又超越特定场所；它不能被结构或历史限制。
Embodied Community
Every one of us needs community. Community arises spontaneously自然地 because of an innate sociality生来具有的交际能力 of the human condition. With relatively rare exceptions community has been the fo
rm of human associated life by which people have related throughout history. Your self cannot, in fact, reach its full realization in isolation, but only as you are nurtured养育, guided, and suffused with the life of the community in which you exist. 我们每个人都需要社区。社区的自发出现是因为人类与生俱来的社会性。少有例外社区成为人类联系的方式，通过这种方式人类从古自今联系起来。事实上，你自己独自实现不了你的全部目标。你只是在社区中被培养长大，茁壮成长。
Localized community needs to be embodied to have existence. In its purest sense, community is an arena of social interaction, a milieu of social relationships in which we engage one another at a time and in a place where we gather together. For many communities to have permanence, they often become identified with physical space that the community claims as its own. This could be a territory or a neighborhood that we identify with a name and includes homes, schools, and shops. Communities such as a local church, neighborhood, or ethnic人种的 or civic association often develop a structure or a form of association, infuse灌输 it with values, and derive meaning form it. The location or the structure becomes the embodiment of and symbolizes community. Thus it is appropriate to talk about community as a neighborhood or association that exists in space and time, that has permanence and structure. 局部化的社区需要存在的体现。在最纯粹意义上讲，社区是人类交往的舞台，人际关系的环境。社区为我们人与人交往提供时间地点。那些能长久存在的社区被视为具体的场所。这个场所可能是被我们命名的一个领域或临近的地方包括家、学校和商店。例如地方上的教堂，附近的地方，种族或民间组织