境。不同的国家，新商业进入市场所遇到的障碍是大不相同的。比如，在莫桑比克，要创立一项商业，创业者必须完成16个程序才能符合政府的要求。这个过程平均花费214个工作日，耗费等同于人均国民收入的74%。在意大利要求13个手续，62个工作日，人均国民收入的3%。但在加拿大只需2个手续，2个工作日，人均国民收入的1%。
The case for creating a good investment climate is simple：an economy needs a predictable 可预见的environment in which people, ideas, and money can work together productively and efficiently. 创造一个良好的投资环境很简单：经济需要一个可预测的环境，在其中，人、人的思想和金钱可以有效地合作。
Countries should focus on improving the investment climate for domestic entrepreneurs虽然各国政府应该集中精力为国内企业家改善投资环境, but a better investment climate will also attract foreign investors. And countries that receive more foreign investment—an important conduit（渠道） for new technologies, management experience, and access to markets—enjoy faster growth and greater poverty reduction. 政府应当集中力量为国内企业家改善投资环境，而一个好的投资环境也将吸引国外投资者。能吸引更多国外投资者的国家——国外投资者是
引进新的技术、管理经验和市场的重要途径——可以更快地发展，在更大程度上削减贫困。
External perceptions感觉 of the investment climate are reflected in risk ratings. While risk ratings do not always capture the actual situation or specific investment opportunities in a country, they ar
e a reality that policy-makers face. Among such ratings are the Euro money欧洲货币 creditworthiness信誉 ratings, which rank the risk of investing in an economy from 0 (high risk) to 100 (low risk). Countries with high risk．such as Kenya (36) and Haiti海地 (24)，have very low foreign direct investment (0.4 percent of gross capital formation for Kenya and 0.3 percent for Haiti). By contrast, countries with low perceived risk, such as Chile (65) and the Czech Republic (66), have much higher levels of foreign direct investment (about 33 percent for Chile and 29 percent for the Czech Republic；table 5.2). Countries with low risk ratings also have large stock markets relative to gross domestic product (GDP). Market capitalization is about 85 percent of GDP in Chile, 102 percent in Australia, 135 percent in Malaysia, 137 percent in Singapore, and l58 percent in Finland. 投资环境的客观洞察力反映在风险系数上。风险系数并不总是针对一个国家的真实情况或具体投资机会，却是制定政策者要面对的一个现实。欧元的不同汇率就在这些风险之列，其风险系数在0（高风险）到100（低风险）之间摆动。在高风险的国家，如肯尼亚（36）和海地（24），很少有外国直接投资（占肯尼亚国内收入的0.4%，海地的0.3%）。相反，低风险的国家，如智利（65）和捷克（66），则有更高水平的国外直接投资（智利大约33%，捷克大约29%）。与国内生产总值相对应，低风险的国家也有大的证券市场。在智利，市场资本化约是国内生产总值的85%，澳大利亚是102%，马来西亚是135%，新加坡是137%，芬兰是158%。
2．Designing Public Sector公共部门 Policies to Enhance Private Activity制定公有制政策，加强私有企业作用
The public sector’s main economic functions three broad categories：making policy, delivering services, and providing oversight疏忽，监督 and accountability. As global competition has increased in the past two decades, the governments of many developing countries have shifted their focus from trying to preserve jobs in a stagnant public sector to creating jobs in a vibrant充满活力的，活跃的 private sector. Governments are now in the business of designing and implementing good policies and strong institutions that enhance the business and investment climate. 公有制部门的主要经济作用包括三个方面，即制定政策，提供服务，监督责任。过
去的二十年里，随国际竞争日益剧烈，许多发展中国家的政策都转移了侧重点，保留萧条的公有制单位的工作职位，以在动摇不定的私营部门中创造工作机会。政府正忙着设计和促进好的政策和健全的机构设施，改善商业和投资环境。
Government functions and policies affect many areas of social and economic life：health and education, natural resources and environmental protection，fiscal and monetary stability，and flows of trade．Data related to these topics are presented in the respective sections. This section provides data on key public sector activities：tax policy, exchange rates, and defense expenditures. 政府功能和政策影响到社会生活和经济生活的多个领域：健康，教育，自然资源，环境保护，财政和金融稳定，以及贸易等等。与上述话题相关的数据在各个部门有所显示。这部分给出了主要公有制部门的活动的数据：税收政策，汇率和防护费用。
Taxes are the main source of revenue for many governments. They are levied征税 mainly on income, profits, capital gains，goods and services, and exports and imports. (Non-tax revenue is also important in some economies) A comparison of taxation levels across countries provides an overview of the fiscal obligations and incentives facing the private sector. Central government tax revenues (excluding state and local taxes) range from about 3 percent of GDP in Kuwait and 7 percent in Bangladesh to 35 percent in Austria and 36 percent in Slovenia. 税收是许多政府开支的主要源泉。征集的税源主要在于收入，利润，资产收入，商品和服务，出口和进口（无税对某些国家也是重要的）。通过几个国家税收水平的比较，可以看到私营企业的财政责任和动力。在科威特，中央政府的税收（除了国家和地区财税）是国内生产总值的3%，孟加拉共和国是7%，奥地利是35%，斯洛文尼亚为36%。
The level and progressivity进步 of taxes on personal and corporate income influence incentives激励，刺激 to work and invest. Marginal tax rates on individual income range from o percent (in countries such as Kuwait, Oman, Paraguay, the United Arab Emirates, and Uruguay) to 50 percent or more (in Such countries as Austria, Belgium, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, the Islamic Republic of Iran，and Senegal塞内加尔). Most marginal tax rates on corporate income（边远地区公司收入的的税收率） are in the 20-30 percent range. 个人和企业所得税的水平和进步会影响到工作和投资的积极性。个人所得税的税率有高有低，可能是零（在诸如科威特、阿曼、巴拉圭、阿联酋和乌拉圭等国家里），也可能是50%或更多（如
奥地利、比利时、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、伊朗和塞内加尔等）。对公司集团征收的绝大多数边缘税率在20%到30%之间。
3 3．Tapping the Benefits of Infrastructure, Information, and Telecommunications开发利
用基础设施、信息和电信等资源
High-quality infrastructure and other business services help determine the success of manufacturing and agricultural businesses. Investments in water, sanitation, energy, housing, and transport improve health and education and help reduce poverty．And new information and communications technologies offer vast opportunities for economic growth，improved health, better service delivery, learning through distance education，and social and cultural advances. 高质量的基础设施和其他商业服务有助于制造业和农业的成功。在水利、财政、能源、房产和运输领域的投资有利于健康、教育事业的发展以及削减贫困。新的信息和交流技术为经济增长、健康事业、传送服务、远程教育以及社会和文化进步等提供了大好时机。
Until the l 990s public sector monopolies垄断 in most developing countries financed and operated the infrastructure, often with poor results. Technical inefficiencies in roads, power, water, and railways caused losses of $ 55 billion a year in the early l990s—about l percent of all developing countries’ GDP. But beginning in the late l980s countries around the world had begun turning to the private sector民营部门, both to take over the operation of existing infrastructure and to finance new infrastructure．In l990-2001 infrastructure proj