段时间”或“since+点时间(也可以是从句)”的时间状语连用。例如：
I have been waiting for a letter from my parents. 我一直在等我父母的来信。 It has been raining for three hours. 雨已经下了三个小时了。
We have been studying here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们一直在这里学习。 (2) 表示从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到说话时刻，动作可能刚刚结束。例如：
She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 一整天都在扫大街，她太累了。 We have been waiting for you for two hours. We don't want to wait any longer. 我们已经等你两个小时了，不想再等了。
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It was the first time I‘d gone back there since coming to the United States. (It was the first/ second…time (that)+过去完成时)
It is the first/ second…time (that)+现在完成时 eg. It was the first time that he had lost a game.
It was the first time that he had seen suck a splendid performance. It is the first time that he has lost a game. It is the first time that he has gone abroad. 对比复习：
It is (high) time sb. did sth. 该做……了（虚拟语气） eg. It is high time I fed my dog. 该喂狗了。 It is time I went to school. 该去上学了。
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The houses on the street where I used to live（定语从句）had been torn down and replaced by office buildings.
1. where I used to live是定语从句修饰先行词the street，句子的主干是The houses had been
torn down and replaced.
2. used to do sth. （过去常常做……）/ be used to doing sth. （习惯了做……） 比较下面几个句子：
eg. I used to get up at 5 o?clock. 我过去常常5点起床。
I am used to getting up at 5 o?clock. 5点钟就起床，我已经习惯了。
Why are you so bad-tempered? You didn?t use to be like this? 你现在脾气怎么这么坏？你过
去可不是这个样子。
Are you used to eating the western food? 你习惯吃西餐了吗？
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The shock from the physical changes in the city, however, was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents‘ home. （定语从句）
1. physical此处的意思是“外观上的”。physical changes外观上的变化。 2. nothing compared to…与……比起来不算什么
eg. Money was nothing compared to the hurt I felt. 与我受到的伤害比起来，钱并不算什么。 1. 3.I soon began to feet in my parents? home是定语从句，修饰先行词confusion and hurt。 主句是：The shock was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt.
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You speak on matters that are of concern only to men. 1. 1.concern
vt. 关系到，与……有关 eg. The news concerns your sister. This matter concerns all of us. vt. 使……担心，使……关心
eg. The boy?s poor health concerned his parents. n. 关怀，关心（的事情）
eg. He didn?t show much concern about it.
His concern for the poor and for workers was often traced to his father.
固定搭配：
be concerned with…与……有关 eg. Her job is concerned with computer. be concerned about…关心……
eg. They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved. as(so) far as…is concerned 就……来说/而言
eg. So far as I?m concerned, some other arrangement would have been more satisfactory. 就我而言，其他的安排会更让人满意。
2. 2.of+抽象名词：作用相当于形容词，例如of importance/ value/ use…
eg. What he told you yesterday is something of importance.昨天他告诉你的是一些重要的事情。 His research has been of little practical value.他的研究有很少的实际价值。
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They don‘t take a silent back seat during a discussion.
back seat是指汽车的后座，即不处于开车的位置。此处指处于靠后的、不起作用的地位。
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I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done【 that made me feel （that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country.）（宾语从句）】（定语从句） 1. as的意思是“随着……”，引导状语从句。
2. that made me feel that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country：由that（第一个）引导的定语从句，修饰先行词things；定语从句中又包含一个由that（第二个）引导的宾语从句。
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I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. But coming back here（分词作主语）didn‘t lessen the confusion and pain. 1. 1.cut short by…缩短了多长时间（或提前多长时间） cut short to…缩短到多长时间 对比：
…cut my visit short by four days访问缩短了4天（提前4天结束访问） …cut my visit short to fur days访问缩短到4天 2. 2.coming back here是分词作主语 eg. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
Only punishing him can?t solve any problem.只惩罚他并不能解决任何问题。
10. I‘m caught between the old world where I no longer belong（定语从句） and the new world which has not yet accepted me.（定语从句）
1. 此句的主干是：I?m caught between the old world and the new world.
2. where I no longer belong是定语从句，修饰先行词the old world；which has not yet accepted me也是定语从句，修饰先行词the new world. （注意：两个定语从句中关系词的不同，where在定语从句中作状语，which在定语从句中作主语）。
Text B
Language Points Paragraph 1
Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications,（现在分词完成形式作状语）he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience. 翻译：已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。 having attended my course in Intercultural Communications是动词现在分词的完成形式，在
句中作状语，因为attend发生在consult之前，所以用完成时。（注意：分词的逻辑主语应和主句的主语一致，此句中，主语都是he。如果不一致，分词应带有自己的主语。） eg. A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to go to Beijing by train. （解释以上两个句子主语不一致情况）
Having received the notice, they decided to put the interview off until next Monday.
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He arrived expectant and happy（作补语） and enjoyed his first days very much. expectant and happy是形容词短语，在句中作主语he的补语。英语中， 这样一类动词，它们一方面本身保留实意动词的含义，另一方面需要接形容词或名词作主语的补语，来说
明主语的情况。例如：
Comrade Lei Feng died young. (=Comrade Lei Feng was young when he died.)
He left home a beggar and returned a millionaire. (=He was a beggar when he left home and had become a millionaire when he returned.)
She married young and felt she was missing out on life. (=She married when she was young…) *If we ignore it, we become buried alive. （参考Unit 12 P. 217）
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When people greeted him with, ―Hi, how‘s it going?‖ he thought they had asked him ―Where are you going?‖ and answered with the name of the conference hall, only to get（不定式短语作结果状语） a confused stare from them. only to get…是不定式短语作结果状语。例如：
Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. 两年后，她父亲失踪了，以后一直杳无音信。
They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet. 他们搬起石头砸 了自己的脚。
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He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans‘, found that people reacted unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented him, didn‘t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefore missed out on going to several lunches, and so on.(宾语从句)
1. 1.此句虽然很长，但结构很简单：一个长句包括三个宾语从句，三个谓语动词分别是felt、
found和didn?t know。
翻译：他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何适当地接受邀请而错过了几次午餐，如此等等。
2. 2.miss out (on…)是一种非正式的口语用法，意思是“失去获得利益或获得乐趣的机会”。 eg. If I don?t go to the party, I shall feel I?m missing out. 我要是不去圣驾聚会一定会觉得
损失挺大。
She married young and felt she was missing out on life. 她结婚早，感觉失去了享受生活
的乐趣。
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With a new context come new ways of doing things.（倒装句式）
这是个倒装句，正常的语序是：New ways of doing things come with a new context. 例如：
Here comes the bus. (=The bus is coming here.)
Round to the corner came a mailman. (=A mailman came round to the corner.) （关于倒装请参考P.95）
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Sure（it is） he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made.（定语从句） 1. 这是一个省略句，sure之前省略了It is.
2. he had made是定语从句，修饰先行词mistakes，关系词that作宾语，所以省略掉了。
LESSON 3
Text A
Language Points Paragraph 2
...a life even barely above real poverty, so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and
activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living.
翻译: 有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会想些别的，而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗。
not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living为过去分词短语作定语，修饰thoughts and activities。
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But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system (where what is most important is memory work;) (定语从句) or because of a careless and lazy one（where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred name of free expression.）（定语从句）
翻译: 这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作是天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散，使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。
fail to do sth意思为“不能做到……，未能……”。 either...or...引导了两个原因状语从句。 两个where引导定语从句.
in the name of 以……名义，代表……。
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And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence and anarchy, the New Dark Age in which we live today.(定语从句） add sth to sth.
翻译: 我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在 就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。
Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts, is cultivated; one in which the spirit of enquiry is encouraged.（定语从句）
翻译: 理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实；应该鼓励探索精神。