call upon: 号召；要求 I call upon you to tell the truth. 我要求你说真话
Social institutions are now being called upon to provide assistance to the homeless. 社会机构现在被要求向无家可归者提供帮助 Paragraph2
1. It doesn't have to be that bad. That 是 副词
2. Here are some simple steps（主语）to take the pain out of speech-making. Here 是引导词，采用倒装句式。
Here, there, then, now, 或 out, in, up, down, away, off 等副词开头的句子需要完全倒装 There goes the bell. Out rushed the teacher.
3. Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech.
当你准备发言稿的时候，别忘了站在他们的角度考虑考虑。 put oneself in sb else?s shoes : 设身处地从别人的观点看问题。
The teacher should put himself in the student?s shoes when he gives the students exercises. 当老师给学生留作业时，应该从学生的方面看一下。 本文意在给读者诸多建议，文中多处使用祈使句。 祈使句:
英语祈使句（Imperative Sentence）
定义：用于表达要求，请求、命令、劝告、叮嘱、建议等的句子叫做祈使句。 特点：祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略。 祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，即动词原形。
祈使句的句末一般用感叹号，但是有些其实距的语气较弱，可以用句号结尾 否定式：祈使句否定式的构成方法是在动词原形前加don’t： Don?t be late. 不要迟到。 反意疑问句形式：
1. 在通常情况下，若陈述部分为祈使句，反意疑问句通常用will you, won?t you, would you Turn on the TV, will you? 把电视打开，好吗?
Tell me the truth, won?t you? 告诉我实话，好吗?
注：若陈述部分为否定式，则反意疑问句部分只用will you。如：
Don?t forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。
2. 若陈述部分为以 let开头的祈使句，则要分两种情况： (1) 表示请求时，用will you?
Let us know your address, will you? 把你的地址告诉我们吧，好吗? (2) 表示建议时，用shall we?
Let?s all sit under this tree, shall we? 咱们都坐在这棵树下，好不好？ paragraph 3
Don?t spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another. 千万不要把不同的发言角色混淆起来，那样会破坏你的发言。 confuse … with 把...混同,混淆 You confused Australia with Austria. 你把澳大利亚和奥地利搞混了。 Paragraph 4
Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a meeting. First, find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker. Then, summarize this information in a few words. It is all right to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker. And, most important, be brief. Remember, you are not the main speaker; you are introducing the main speaker.
段落结构清晰，解释简介明了。First-then-and most important Be in good taste 风雅的，大方的，有礼的 Be in bad taste 不得体的，不礼貌的。 Paragraph 6
If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend plenty of time doing your research. Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that（引导目的状语） your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures or charts if they will help you make your points more clearly. Never forget your audience. Don?t talk over their heads, and don?t talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness. over one‘s head: 超过某人的理解力，理解不了，难懂
to talk over (one's) head(s): to use large or big words so that audience will not understand exact meaning（指所谈论的内容过于专业或高深，非一般人可以理解；也指有人为了表现自己才学非凡，故意谈些高深理论或用些难字，吓唬别人）
Eg: Dr. Lee's lecture was so specialized that he almost talked over our heads.
李博士的演讲太专业了，几乎使我们无法理解。
In order to show his profound knowledge he talks over my head. 为了表现他的学问高深，他故弄玄虚。 Paragraph 9
Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience. 充分体现你的个性，这样就是在跟听众促膝谈心。
come through： 表明，显示，经历，脱险 His character came through in his writing. 他的个性体现在他的文章中。 make person-to-person contact with 和某人接触
make eye contact with 眼神交流
make eye contact with your audience when you give a speech. 当你演讲的时候，要跟听众有眼神交流
Text B
Language Points
Paragraph 1
1. What they do have(主语从句) is resonance. 其中do 表示强调。
2. People (who speak quickly and breathily in a high-pitched voice) (定语从句)do not appear as assertive as those （who speak more slowly using deeper voice tones.）
as assertive as 和??一样自信
译：哪些语速较快、呼吸急促、音调较高的人似乎不如那些语速较慢、音调低沉的人更富有自信力。 Paragraph 2
3. 1.It would be ridiculous to suggest that from now on you self-consciously lower the tone of your voice when you speak, but you can begin to achieve greater resonance by practicing the way you breathe.
suggest 引导的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气。
4. 2.If you practice abdominal breathing, you will be utilizing all, not just the top, of your lungs, which in itself must be beneficial.
abdominal breathing：腹式呼吸 别 名: 隔呼吸
Abdominal breathing means breathing fully from your abdomen or from the bottom of your lungs. It is exactly the reverse of the way you breathe when you?re anxious or tense, which is typically shallow and high in your chest. If you?re breathing from your abdomen, you can place your hand on your abdomen and see it actually rise each time you inhale. You?ll find that abdominal breathing will help you relax any time you are feeling anxious.
To practice abdominal breathing, follow these steps:
1) Place one hand on your abdomen right beneath your rib cage
2.) Inhale slowly and deeply through your nose into the bottom of your lungs. Your chest should move only slightly, while your stomach rises, pushing your hand up.
3.) When you?ve inhaled fully, pause for a moment and then exhale fully through your mouth.
Purse your lips and imagine that you are blowing on a hot spoonful of soup. As you exhale, just let yourself go and imagine your entire body going loose and limp. It should take you twice as long to exhale as it did to inhale.
4.) In order to fully relax, take and release ten abdominal breaths. Try to keep your breathing
smooth and regular throughout, without gulping in a big breath or exhaling suddenly.
Paragraph 3
2. 1.Your delivery will need light and shade if you want to keep the attention of your listener. light and shade 原为绘画用语，指“亮的部分和暗的部分”，这里指声音的抑扬顿挫。 Paragraph 4
1. If you were to see a small child about to put her hand into an activated food processor, it would be inappropriate to say, in a low-pitched, relaxed way. 虚拟语气句型。 Paragraph 5
A.1. Appropriate volume and intonation without aggressive tones will give the other person the message that you mean business.
适当的、不带攻击性和诋毁性的语音语调将能够促使对方意识到你这样做是“对事不对人！”
mean business: 指是认真的，谈正事。 I mean business, so you must be careful.
我是认真的, 所以你得小心。 Paragraph 8
5. 1.It might also reflect irritation at your own lack of assertion when earlier you should have said something like, “Can you read that to me latter?” should have done: 指本应该做某事而没有做。 Shouldn?t have done 指本不应该做某事而做了。 Eg: You should have come earlier. 你本应该早点来的。
You shouldn?t have told her the fact. 你不该告诉她事实的真相。
LESSON 9
Text A
Language Points Paragraph 1
1. 1.Today in the United States, there are over 22 million adults using the Web, about half of whom access the Internet at least once a day. 本句划线部分为定语从句，由介词+whom 引导，此定语从句的先行词是adults。 2. 2.There is almost no topic about which you cannot find fairly interesting material on the Web. 此处用的双重否定，表示肯定, 用来强调肯定意义。划线部分为定语从句，由介词about+which 引导，先行词是topic。
Paragraph 2
In other instances, people will trade the time they now spend reading the paper, or watching television, for information or entertainment they will find on the computer screen. 本复合句中的主句为 people will trade the time for information or entertainment. 两个划线部分都是定语从句，分别修饰先行词是time和information or entertainment。由于引导定语从句的关系词that/which都在从句中作宾语，所以句子将关系词省略。
Paragraph 3
1. 1.One great benefit of the Web is that it allows us to move information online that now resides in paper form. 划线部分为that引导的表语从句。其中又有一个定语从句that now resides in paper form。此定语从句先行词为information， 关系词that在定语从句中作主语，不能被省略。 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
Her mother allowed her to watch TV after finishing her homework.
2. 2.Some states are putting up listings of jobs — not just state government jobs, but all the jobs available in the state.
put up 举起，抬起，提供。 此处指“提供”。 The millionaire put up a lot of money for the church. 这位百万富翁为教会捐了许多钱。 not…but… 不仅…而且…
Franklin was considered not an inventor, but a statesman. 富兰克林不仅被看作发明家，而且被看作政治家。
3. 3.I believe, over time, that all the information that governments print, and all those
paper forms they now have, will be moved on to the Internet. over time 随着时间的变化
I believe 后为that引导的宾语从句。其中划线部分又分别为information和paper forms 的定语从句。
Paragraph 4
1. 1.It is difficult to measure, because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers
and sellers who are simply moving paper-based transactions to the Web. because 引导原因状语从句，从句中又包含了who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词buyers and sellers.