existing 此处为adj.，表存在着的，修饰buyers and sellers. move… to 把…移到 Please move the box to there.
2. 2.The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other. 划线部分是where引导的状语从句， 从句中又包含了who 引导的定语从句修饰先行词
buyers and sellers.
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1. 1.Getting communications cost down and making all the software simple will bring in those people.
划线部分是动名词短语作主语。 get … down 使… 下降, 从…下来
He climbed to the top of the tree and then became afraid to get down. 他爬到了树顶上，接着却害怕再爬下来。 bring in 引进，挣得，生产
bring in competitive system 引进竞争机制
2. 2.One element people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve. 两个划线部分都是定语从句，分别修饰先行词是element 和 degree。第一个定语从句
中的关系词省略，第二个定语从句由to+which 引导。
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The boundary between a television set and a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC.
双重划线部分在09年4月、10年4月考过汉译英。 单划线部分为定语从句修饰the set-top box. … more powerful than… 比较级+than 结构
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To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably pessimistic. 动词不定式作主语，后跟宾语从句。
Text B
Language Points Paragraph 3
1． 1．Radios, telephones, and telegraphs are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing and speech.(定语从句)
无线电、电话和电报都是人们赖以扩大自己的听觉和说话功能范围的手段。
在“介词+which/whom”定语从句结构中，关系代词用which 还是用whom ，取决于它前面的先行词是物还是人。先行词是物， 用which ； 若为人，就用whom 。这一结构用什么介词取决于先行词的意义和定语从句中谓语动词结构及“介词+which/whom” 在句中的作用。e.g.
There is a train by which you can go to Beijing. There is no way in which you can solve the problem.
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It was a long time ago that this numbering and comparing of things began. 这种将物体进行编号和比较的方法在很久以前就开始了。
It is/was…that 表强调句，本句中强调时间状语a long time ago. 这种强调句还可以强调主语、宾语、地点状语等。Eg.
It was he who(that)read three books in the library yesterday.(强调主语) It was three books that he read in the library yesterday.(强调宾语)
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Using a different method（现在分词短语作状语）, a farmer might have bad a pile of stones in front of his granary representing the amount of grain stored（现在分词短语作后置定语）. 另一种不同的方法是，农夫可以在谷仓前放一堆石头，代表其所存谷物的数量。 ……representing the amount of grain stored. 可换成定语从句，相当于……which represent the amount of grain stored.
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Sailors boldly moving into unknown waters（现在分词短语作后置定语） needed aids for efficient navigation.
大胆地闯入陌生海域的水手则需要有效的航海辅助器械。 划线部分相当于定语从句 who boldly move into unknown waters……. Water是不可数名词，一般不用复数，此处用复数waters表示“水域”。
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1. 1.New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers（动词不定式作定语） were added
to make jobs faster and more accurate.
用于数字操作的新装置应运而生，因此数据处理工作可以做的更迅速更精确。
2. 2.With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind. 由于这些新工具的研制成功，人类似乎突然变成了智能百万富翁。
as if 引导方式状语从句。
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1. 1.Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances （定语从句）, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use.（before 引导时间状语从句） 科学先哲们提出的各种见解固然是各种重大进展的基础，但他们的见解有时候要等待数年方能被人充分理解，显现出其实用价值。
2. 2.With the computer, the ideas of today‘s scientists can be studied, tested, distributed,
and using more rapidly than ever before.
有了电子计算机，当代科学家们的设想可以比先前更迅速地为人研究、验证、传播和运用。
06年7月考过此句汉译英。
LESSON 10
Text A
Language Points
In this part the teacher should analyze the sentences in detail.
Paragraph1
1. Work, (for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under), involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well. 结构：只有一个谓语动词：involves。(for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under)是插入语。本句的主干为：Work involves responsibility。aged 55 and under做women的定语。第二个for后面的内容修饰responsibility，而a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well为并列结构。
翻译：对于大多数美国和中国的55岁或者以下的妇女而言，工作的全部职责包括了负责家务、照顾孩子以及在家务之外还要上班。 2. as well 与as well as
as well:常用作状语，作“又”“也”相当于too 或 also,常位于句末。 e.g.: I not only play the guitar, I sing as well.
I?m going to London and my sister is going as well. ( going too.)
as well as: 也翻译为也，又；但用法不同，as well as 强调的重点在前面： e.g. I can speak French as well as English.
3.add up to 表示，等于；加起来总和是，合计达
The bills add up to exactly $100. 这些帐单加起来正好一百元。 Paragraph 2
1. 1.Experts have observed that life forms a different sort of pyramid for women in China
than in the United States.
专家学者已经注意到，对中美两国妇女来说，生活形成的“金字塔”形状各不相同。英语中比较正规的用法是be different from, 但在现代英语中，特别是美国英语中be different than 也屡见不鲜。
2. 2.In China, nearlly all young mothers are employed outside the home, with their numbers decreasing as they approach middle age. 在中国几乎所有的年轻的母亲都有职业，但随着步入中年，人数越来越少。 独立主格 (with their numbers decreasing)
我们在讲到分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时分词短语带有自己的主语。（它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词担任，在分词短语之前，我们称这为独立主格。 独立主格在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件和方式、伴随。 今天是星期天，你不必去上学。 原因从句： Because it is Sunday, you needn't go to shool. 主语 主语 It being Sunday, you needn't go to school. ( O) 分词 逻辑上的主语 （It being Sunday 构成独立格结构在句子中作原因状语） Being Sunday, you needn't go to school. (×) (因分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以句子错误。) 官员们都到齐了，宣布开会。 分词表示 All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. 分词逻辑上的主语 时间状语从句： After (when) all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 天气允许的话，我们去颐和园。 分词表示： Weather permitting ,We'll go to the Summer Palace. 分词逻辑上的主语 条件状语从句： If weather permits , we'll go to the Summer Palace. All the work done, you can have a rest. 分词逻辑上的主语 =All the work is done and you can have a rest. 所有的工作都完成了，你们可以休息了。 注意 分词做独立主格有时前面可以加with或without The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender
3. Later on(后来,以后), when the child grow up(时间装语从句), the older couple can more easily live on(靠...生活;以...为食) the husband`s earnings plus(介词,加上) the wife`s pension…
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The pyramid for American women is the opposite, with fewer young women employed , and the number increasing (独立主格)at older ages. Many young mothers have found it(形式宾语) more efficient to stay home, care for(照看,照顾) children themselves, and then find employment later when the children are older and more independent(时间状语从句). But rising（现在分词作前置定语） costs of living are requiring more young American women to help support their families, and it（形式主语） is increasingly true that young American women want to have jobs（主语从句）.
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1. they are often women who are unable to get better jobs（定语从句）.
2. Thus the American working mother always has the worry that her child is not being as well cared for as she hopes, and the cost of babysitters or private enterprise daycare centers can cost half or more of her salary(同位语从句).
eg. 1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于： 2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward. A. what B. that C. when D. as
析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。
3．Other worries distract（使某人分心） her from good performance at her job: what if（如果…那怎么办） the babysitter gets sick? What will her employer think if she has to stay at home with a sick child（条件状语从句）? What if the car, necessary to get the child to the daycare center and herself to and from her job(定语), breaks down（故障，失败）? What if…:要是…又怎样？相当于what will happen if … e.g. What if the babysitter gets sick?保姆病了怎么办？
What if it rains when we cann?t get under shelter?假若下起雨来，我们又没处避雨可怎么办？
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1．In china, grandmothers play an invaluable role in （在…起重要作用） taking care of （照看）children and households while the young parents are at work（时间装语从句）. 2. … they are housed and fed in return (作为回报)– although in crowded homes that most American would not enjoy（定语从句）. In America, an older woman who had to fill this role（定语从句 ） would be likely to(很有可能) feel she was being made a kind of servant. 3. Both she and her family tend to feel she deserves(值得，应当) to be free of（无…的,免除…） childcare now, having reared the large family of the 1950s baby boom (现在分词的完成时做状语).
eg. Having wrtten the composition,we handed it in.
Having....构成现在分词完成时结构在句子中做状语，这里表示伴随状态。主谓一致, we 和 have 的关系是主动语态, 当have 提前时, 做 we 的伴随状语