countries.）(非限定性定语从句) Any child may attend, without paying fees, a school（provided by the public authorities）（过去分词做定语）and the great majority attend such schools. However, although the public schools are not important numerically, they have been England's most peculiar and characteristic contribution to educational methods and they have an immense influence on the whole educational practice and on the English social structure. Among the universities Oxford and Cambridge hold a dominant position. Of cabinet ministers who went to universities（定语从句）, nearly all went one or the other of these two, and to Oxford in particular. paragraph 3 A student [who receives further full-time education after the age of eighteen, either at a university or at a teacher‘s training college or at some other college giving training of a special type(现在分词做定语),]（定语从句）can usually receive a grant from the public authorities to cover his expenses, or most of them, unless his parents have a large income. But the number of young people (who can enter universities)(定语从句) is limited by the capacity of universities, 【which is less than enough to take all the young people (who have the basic qualifications for university admission)(定语从句)】【非限制性定语从句】. In practice, therefore, entry to universities is competitive. But university degree courses are also available at polytechnics, and entry to the Open University(函授大学) is less restricted. Paragraph 4 The academic year begins after the summer holidays and is divided into three \with the intervals between them (formed by the Christmas and Easter holidays)(过去分词作定语). The exact dates of the holidays vary from area to area, being (非谓语动词) in general about two weeks at Christmas and Easter, plus often a week or more at Whitsun, and six weeks in the summer, beginning (非谓语动词) rather late. Schools outside the state system decide on their own holiday dates, generally taking (非谓语动词) a month off at Christmas and Easter and eight weeks in the summer. Paragraph 5 All primary school children, including(非谓语动词) those in independent schools, were given milk free of charge until 1970 (when the Government abolished this benefit)(定语从句). Text B
Language Points
Paragraph 2
There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities, social science, natural science, and mathematics are taught. (定语从句) There may be a college of education where students learn to be teachers. (定语从句) There may be a college of business where business subjects are taught.(定语从句) Paragraph 3
1. 1.equivalent 2. 2.amount
3. 3.even though即使
eg: Even though he tried, he still lagged behind other runners. 尽管他努力了，仍落在其他赛跑者之后。 4. 4.B.A. /B.S
Paragraph 4
1. 1.expense
2. 2.publicly /privately funded 3. 3.If this is the case, ...
Paragraph 5
1.1.In this way用这种方法, 这样, 因此
eg: Why do you represent the matter in this way? 你为什麽把这事说成这样? 2. alike
3. a variety of
eg: All of them arrived late for a variety of reasons. 由于种种原因, 他们都来晚了。
Paragraph 8
1. 1. compared to
2. 2. nonacademic/ academic 3. 3. Humanities
Paragraph 9
3. 1.an associate of arts degree 准文学学士学位 4. 2.instead
Paragraph 12
1. 1.instead of prep.代替, 而不是 ...
eg: The economy is shrinking instead of growing. 经济正在萎缩而不是在增长中。
There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作的趋势日益增长。 2. 2.right away立刻, 马上
Eg: He is ill; you should call in the doctor right away. 他病了，你应该立即请大夫来。 The storm will blow over right away. 暴风雨很快就会平息。 If war breaks out, we shall be called up right away. 如果战争爆发，我们将立即被征召服役。 Paragraph 14 Students who have finished high school, and even some who do not go to high school may choose from these four kinds of higher education in the United States. High school students who want further academic or professional training may go to a college or university. Students who want both academic and nonacademic training may go to the community college. Students who want to get job may go to a technical or vocational school. Students may choose the kind of higher education that they like best. 以上划横线部分均为定语从句。
LESSON 7
Text A
Language Points Paragraph 3
1. It was not until the 4th century that the church in Rome began to celebrate Christmas. 本句子是含有not until的强调句，要注意not 前移。非强调句为：The church in Rome didn't begin to celebrate Christmas until the 4th century. 强调句型格式：
It is/was +强调的成分+that +句子其他成分，如果强调部分是人，that可以换成who. Eg..It was not until this morning that I knew the bad news. (I didn't know the bad news until this morning.) 直到今天早上我才知道这个坏消息。
2. Midwinter festivals had always been celebrated by many peoples.
people 做“人、人民”讲时没有单数形式，但表示“民族”时，是可数名词，复数为peoples。 译：各族人一直都在冬天欢庆节日。
3. The shortest day also meant that winter was leaving and that ahead were spring, the warmth of the sun and the return of vegetation to the fields.
本句中meant 的宾语是两个that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个宾语从句用了倒装语序，正常语序为 Spring, the warmth of the sun and the return of vegetation to the fields were ahead . 本句的意思是：白天最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天就要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植
物返青也不远了。
Paragraph 4
business：做不可数名词时意思为“商业”，而在本段中用了复数，表示“商行、商店”。
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dozens of...许许多多......
Paragraph 7
1. 1.be fastened to...把......系到....... 2. 2.regard...as...把......看作为......
3. Kissing under the mistletoe originated in Britain in the early 17th century. 动名词短语做主语
本句意思是：在榭寄生树下亲吻这一风俗源于17世纪的英国。 4. 4.come to an end结束
Paragraph 10
Many towns have very large Christmas trees set up outdoors in the park. have sb./sth. done 使某人/事被… have sb./sth. do 让某人、物做… have sb./sth. doing 使人、物一直做… 译：许多城镇都在公园竖起很大的圣诞树。
Paragraph 11
In many rural sections of the country and in sections of some cities, candles, placed near the windows, light the paths of singers who go from house to house singing.
placed near the windows是过去分词做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句which are placed near the windows。
Text B
Language Points
Paragraph 2
The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died. be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 be used to do sth. 被用来 used to do sth. 过去常常
翻译：冬天很冷，他们不习惯，许多人死了。 Paragraph 3
1. 1.in the fall: in the autumn 2. 2.besides: in addition
3. 3.lack Paragraph 4
1. The price in human lives and the tragedy had been great. 译：生命和所遭受痛苦的代价非常大。 B.2.on the other hand:另一方面 C.3.decide on...as...:决定把......作为...... Paragraph 5
They invited their Indian friends, who brought with them deer meat, pop-corn, turkeys, many kinds of vegetables, and especially pumpkins, which are today both food and decoration for almost every Thanksgiving tables.
此句中Who 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，分别修饰先行词 Indian friends 和 pumpkins。
翻译：他们邀请了印第安朋友参加，印第安朋友带来了鹿肉、爆米花、火鸡、许多蔬菜，还有南瓜。如今，几乎在每一个感恩节的餐桌上，南瓜既是食品，又是装饰。 Paragraph 6
on the whole: 总起来说 Paragraph 9
1. 1.it was proclaimed: ......被宣布
2. 2.to be observed: to be followed or celebrated 3. 3.under no obligation: 没有义务 4. 4.concede: admit Paragraph 11
1. no matter whether: 无论是否......
2. The table is always loaded with many different kinds of delicious food.
翻译：餐桌上有各种佳肴。 3. in remembrance of: 纪念......
LESSON 8
Text A
Language Points
Paragraph1
1. We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life
几乎所有人都可能在某个时刻被要求做个或长或短的讲话