《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
Examples:
1) to develop rapidly迅速发展；extremely fast快极了/ 极快
2) With a bag of books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn. 我们提着一袋书，在晨曦中穿过了花园。 ．．．．．．．．．
3) He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent. 为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。 ．．．．．．4) He was born in Rome on May 27, 1980. 他是1980年月日在罗马出生的。/ 他于1980年月日出生于罗马。 ．．．．．5．．27．．．．．．．．．．．5．．27．．．．．
III. Syntactic Differences
A. Transformation of sentence structure
1. Simple Sentence →Complex Sentence
e.g. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free
College of the City of New York.
由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
2. Complex Sentence →Simple Sentence
e.g. That he will come to the discussion is certain. 他肯定会来参加讨论的。 e.g. He doesn‘t know what life means to him. 他不知道人生的意义。 3. Complex Sentence →Complex Sentence
e.g. Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy reinforcement troops
came up. 我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
e.g. This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families
out here to live. 这地方实在漂亮，（所以）许多人都带着家小搬来居住。
4. Inverted Order →Natural Order
e.g. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. 当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。 5. Passive Voice →Active Voice
e.g. He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。
e.g. I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper. 有人告诉我不要相信报纸上读到的消息。
B. Sentence order
1. Time order
e.g. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South. 译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，
享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。
2. Logic order
a. Cause-result order
e.g. He had to stay at home yesterday owing to the bad weather. b. Condition –result order
e.g. She will play the piano only if she is paid. 只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演
奏钢琴。
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
IV. Homework
A. Presentation task: PK台
– Please find the full word of PK and its original meaning. Any related information would
also be appreciated.
– Make a PPT document to present what you have learned about PK stage, which should
not be longer then 5 minutes. – At the end of the PPT, put in the source of your knowledge and the names of all your
group members also.
B. Translate the following paragraph:
It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby‘s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep.
Reference version:
琼恩正以为自己领先了一分呢，忽然间她的公公在拐弯驶向普拉斯基公路时差一点要出车祸；她一惊之下，手里的烟头碰上车座靠背，发烫的烟灰（燃着的烟灰）落在了婴儿的肚子上。起初的一瞬间谁也没有注意，等到科琳大声哭了起来，大家这才看见有跳蚤那么大的一颗火星儿在那十全十美的肚脐边上闪着亮。琼恩弹（蹦）了起来，满怀罪恶感地尖叫着，又是拍手又是跺脚，把孩子紧紧搂在怀里。然而罪证是无法销毁的了，在白璧无瑕的滚圆的肚皮上，烫出了一粒棕色的圆点。科琳哭得死去活来，不时凄厉地倒抽一口气。这时大家翻钱包，摸衣兜，找凡士林，黄油，牙膏——总之，能当药膏用的就行。母亲拿出一小瓶花露水，是一家百货公司的赠品；琼恩把它轻轻地抹在孩子的伤处上。渐渐地，科琳抽噎的间歇拉长了，又过了一阵，她总算饶了他们，带着伤进入了梦乡。
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
◇Title of Lesson: Transfer of Word Meaning Week 4
◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period） ◇Teaching Objectives：
Acquaint the students with a general idea about how to transfer the wording meaning properly. ◇Key Teaching Points：
1． Choice of word meaning.
2． Commendatory sense and derogatory sense 3． Amplification of word meaning ◇Difficult Teaching Points:
1． Commendatory sense and derogatory sense 2． Amplification of word meaning ◇Teaching Contents: I. Representation
II. Comment on the homework
III. Choice of Wording Meanings（词义的选择）
A. Context:
The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme can only be decided in certain context. For example: 1. cover: a. They laid him on a stretcher and covered him with a blanket. b. The bandages were covered in blood. c. We covered 400km in three hours.
d. Do these parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors? e. The new office will cover the whole of Scotland.
f. She‘s covering the American election for BBC television.
g. I‘m going to the doctor‘s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me? h. Will ￡50 cover your expense?
i. Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash? j. I think more singers have covered ―Yesterday‖ than any other song. k. We‘ve got all the exits covered, so they‘ve got no chance of escape. Reference Version:
a. 他们把他放上担架，给他盖上毯子。 ．．
b. 绷带上浸透了血。 ．．c. 三个小时我们赶了400公里路。 ．．
d. 这些停车限制对本地住户和外来人员同样适用吗？ ．．e. 新的办事处业务遍及全苏格兰。 ．．．．f.
她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。 ．．g. 明天我要去看医生，你能替我代班吗？ ．．h. 50英镑够你花了吗？ ．i. j.
你的旅行保险金能补偿你的现金丢失或失窃吗？ ．．
我想和其他他歌相比，?Yesterday?被更多的歌手翻唱过。 ．．
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
k. 我们封锁了所有的出口，使他们插翅难逃。 ．．
2. back: a. She put the saddle on the horse‘s back. b. She backed the car out of the narrow road. c. Will you back me against the others? d. The organization is backed by the U.N. e. Our cat has broken one of her back legs.
f. When you have done with these magazines, remember to put them back. Reference Version:
a. 她把马鞍放在马背上。 ．
b. 她把车子倒出窄路。 ．c. 你会支持我反对其他人吗？ ．．d. 该组织由联合国资助。 ．．e. 我们的猫断了一条后腿。 ．f.
你读完杂志后记得放回原处。 ．．．
B. Collocation:
Sometimes different Chinese Words should be employed to transfer the same English word in order to form proper collocation.
e.g. exercise: exercise options（行使选择权）； exercise monopoly（实施垄断）； ．．．． exercise judgment（作出判断）； ．． exercise responsibility（履行责任）； ．．
C. Word Form:
In many cases, different word forms (such as tense, plural form, etc.) lead to great difference in word meaning. For example:
1) The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.
这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿色的琉璃瓦盖成的。 ．．．．．．．．．． 2) She rejected his advances during the trip to Cannes.
在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱。 ．．
IV. Commendatory Sense or Derogatory Sense（词义的褒贬）
A. The word itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense.
For instance:
1. He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。 ．．
2. His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
他作为流氓/放荡的恶名是他死后才传开来的。 ．．3. The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。 ．．．．
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exercise democracy（实行民主）； ．．exercise influence（施加影响） ．．
《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
4. Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。 ．．
B. The word itself is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory sense in certain
context.
For example:
1. Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。 ．．．．
2. He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe
the reputation was not deserved.
他是个诚实正直的人，但却不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他不该有这个坏名声。 ．．．．．．
C. The word itself has both commendatory sense AND derogatory sense. 译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。
For example:
1. He is an aggressive salesman. 他是个很有进取心/干劲的销售员。 ．．．．．．
2. Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media
with photos of her private life. 无孔不入的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。 ．．．．3. Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he seized power. 希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略政策。 ．．
V. Amplification of Word Meaning（词义的引申）
A. 虚实引申
1. 具体化引申
英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具
体化引申（concretion) 。
e.g. During the meeting, the Chinese Premier met respectively with his German,
British and Japanese counterparts.
会议期间，中国总理分别会晤了德国总理、英国首相和日本国内阁总理大．．．．．．．．．．．
臣。 ．
2. 抽象化引申 英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、
一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词义加以抽象化引申（abstraction)，使译文流畅、自然。
e.g. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character. 他的性格既凶暴又狡猾。 ．．．．
B. 术语移用
e.g. Ulysses Grant once explained his military success by writing, ―The fact is I think I
am a verb, instead of a personal pronoun.‖
尤利西斯格兰特将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下评价：―事实上，我认为自
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