《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
今天，我们很难得会听说哪位音乐家刚刚发明了一种新型的潜水艇。知识领域被一分再
分，分成无数个范围狭窄而且互不通气的部门。人们敬仰的是专家；多面手非但不受人钦佩，反而常常遭到怀疑。当今的世界是精通专业的?专家?的世界，这些专家不得不用自己一生的大部分时间研究一个十分狭小的领域，这样才能与同行竞争。
随着专业化程度的提高，知识的疆界正以前所未有的速度不断拓展。然而我们也为此付出了相当大的代价。现在一个科学家离开了他自己的专业就不会比一个傻子强多少，正象一个文学家对科技方面的重大进展几乎一无所知一样，这都是现代才有的现象。同样的，专业化也间接影响到了各行各业的普通人。以前仅仅是由于对它们本身感到兴趣而去从事的许多活动，后来却往往被无可奈何地放弃了，因为专家们说，从事这些活动所需要的技巧得付出毕生的精力才能掌握。当你能在自家客厅里欣赏到世界上最杰出的钢琴家的演奏时，你干吗还要学钢琴呢？
渐渐地，人们相互间的隔阂变得越来越深了。你简直不可能跟你的邻居交谈工作上的事，哪怕他的工作跟你的相差不多。英国皇家学会的会员都是全国最优秀的科学家。然而，令人深感不安的是，正如它的一位会员所指出的那样，即便是在这里举办一次讲座，也只有10％的会员能够听懂其中50％的内容！
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
◇Title of Lesson: Adding Week 6
◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period） ◇Teaching Objectives：
Introduce to the students one of the translating methods: adding words. ◇Key Teaching Points： 1． Adding verbs 2． Adding nouns
3． Adding words which indicate the plural form or tense
4． Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text 5． Adding words which suggest the textual / social context ◇Difficult Teaching Points:
1． Adding nouns
2． Adding words which indicate the tense
3． Adding words which suggest the textual / social context ◇Teaching Contents:
I. Comment on the homework
II. A brief introduction of adding
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将词量增减。
增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。
III. Adding verbs
e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and flowers. — 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有?中国群众?挥舞纸旗和花束的场．．．．．．面。
e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会，出席过音乐会，观看了乒乓球表演赛之后，他还得起草最后公报。 ．．．．．．
e.g. I‘m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview.
— 我今天上午的确很忙，要上两节课，开一个会，还要接受一个采访。 ．．．．
IV. Adding adjectives
e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! — 北京的人们正以多么高的热情学习外语啊！ ．e.g. What a day/life! — 多么（ 热/冷/难熬/幸福/悲惨 ）的一天/生活啊！ ．．．．．．．．
V. Adding adverbs
e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother!
— 那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地细心周到啊！ ．．．．
e.g. The crowd melted away. — 人群渐渐地散去了。 ．．．
e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. — 他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 ．．．．．
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
VI. Adding nouns
A. After the intransitive verb
e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。 ．
e.g. Doesn‘t she wash after getting up? — 起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸刷牙）吗？ ．．e.g. He sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed. — 他有时忘记洗脚就上床睡觉。 ．
e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. — 她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗衣服，拖地板，做饭。 ．．．．．B. Before the adjective
e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. — 这台收音机真是物美价廉。 ．．
e.g. She is a complicated girl – moody, sensitive and skeptical. — 她是个性格复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。 ．．C. After the abstract noun
e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began. — 一切准备工作就绪后，运动会开始了。 ．．
e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.
— 一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和与中国的紧张关系。 ．．D. After the concrete noun
e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. — 他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情。 ．．
e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
— 法官的职责战胜了父子之情，他最终判决自己的儿子有罪。 ．．．
VII. Adding words which indicate the plural form
汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但要表达 指多数人的名词时，可用?们?，如?老师们，同学们?，或在名词前加?各位／诸位? 或独立使用?大家?；表达事物的复数时可用?若干?等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。 A. 增加重叠词表示复数
e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原野。 ．．
e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 ．．
e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一排排的新房建成了。 ．．．
B. 增加数词或其它词表示复数
汉语中有些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是表示?多，众多?的意思，如百（百花齐放，百家争鸣，百鸟朝凤，百感交集）、千（千篇一律，千人一面，千方百计）、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难万险）等；还有些词，如、 群、众、历、丛等也表示数量的多：
e.g. The lion is the king of animals. — 狮子是百兽之王。 ． e.g. The mountains were covered with snow. — 群山白雪皑皑。 ． e.g. The crowd made a way for him. — 众人给他闪开了一条道。 ． VIII. Adding quantifiers
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
A. 英语中的名词，特别是可数名词，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而汉语几乎总是要
用量词。
e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了一辆新自行车。 ．
e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. — 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。 ．
B. 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、动作的动量词。 e.g. Shall we have a rest? — 我们休息一下好吗？ ．．
e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. — 有次他们大吵了一架。 ．．e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once. — 我看了一眼照片，马上就认出了她。 ．．
IX. Adding words which indicate the tense
英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化，表达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时此刻、下周、２０年前等，还要借助于时态助词?曾、已经、过、了／正在、着、／将、就、要、会、便?被用来表示过去／现在／将来发生的动作或存在的状态。 A. 对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。
e.g. I had heard about him before I met him.
— 我在见到他之前就听说过他了。 ．．e.g. Once I was his boss ,but now he is mine.
— 我一度曾是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。 ．
B. 强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。
e.g. They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are. — 听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样穷。 ．．．．
X. Adding auxiliary words which indicate the tone
汉语中有许多语气助词，如：的、吧、呢、啊、呀、吗、嘛、啦、了、罢了、而已等。在英译汉时，要细心体味原文，使用汉语语气助词，更好地表达原文的修辞色彩。 e.g. Don‘t take it so seriously. I just make fun of you. — 不要当真嘛！我不过是跟你开玩笑罢了。 ．．．
e.g. As for me, I have nothing to say. — 我呢，也没有什么可说的了。 ．
XI. Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text
A. 问答句
e.g. — Is this your book? — Yes, it is. — 这是你的书吗？ — 是我的。 ．．
e.g. — what? Don‘t you love him? — 什么？难道你不爱他？
— Yes, of course I do. — 我当然爱他！ ．．
B. 排比句
e.g. ―Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact
man…‖
— ?读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。?（培根:《论读书》王．．．．
佐良译）
C. 比较句
e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
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《翻译》（1）课程大纲及教案
— 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 ．．．．．．e.g. The villagers are as ready to look after her as they were their own daughter.
— 村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾他们自己的女儿一样。 ．．．．D. 隐含条件句
e.g. At the time of Kennedy‘s assassination, people thought that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.
— 肯尼迪遇刺时，人们认为，假如他再任一届总统的话，大概不是功高盖世，．．就是祸国殃民。
e.g. But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.
— 然而如果没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。 ．．
XII. Adding words which indicate the textual / social context
e.g. In April, there was the ―ping‖ heard around the world. In July, the ping ―ponged‖.
如只照原文译出?四月份，全世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乒声乓了一下。?读者肯定不知所云。根据中美建交的背景知识，把这段外交史话译为： — 四月里，全世界听到中国乒的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国乓的一声把．．．．．．．．．．．
球打了回来。 ．．．．．
e.g. Mao and Zhou learned that Nixon had the desire for a visit. — 毛泽东和周恩来获悉尼克松有访华的念头。 ．．．．．
XIII. Adding summarizing words
英汉语中都有概括词。对应译成?总之??等等?即可。但有时英语句子中并无概括词，而翻译时往往要加上一些词，而省掉英语中的连接词：
e.g. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo. — 中、俄、日、美四国外长在东京会晤。 ．．
e.g. China is willing to exchange views with any countries, politically, culturally and
economically. —中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济等各个方面进行交流。 ．．．．．
XIV. Adding linking words
e.g. Yes, he likes football. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion, maybe. —不错，他喜欢足球。现今很多人喜欢足球。这似乎是种时髦。 ．
e.g. You have made a mistake, and a serious one. —你犯了一个错误，而且还是个严重错误。 ．．．
XV. Homework
A. Presentation Task: translate the following sentences.
1. Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 2. Air pressure decreases with altitude.
3. Avoid using the computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.
4. According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 5. Emperors unexceptionally regarded the common people as weed.
6. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
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