(4)What are the effects of trade on the distribution of income within each country? (Winners, losers.)
Could you answer these questions by your intuition? 2. Demand and supply(需求与供给)
(1)Demand and Consumer surplus（需求与消费者剩余）
①Demand（需求）
What determines how much of a product is demanded?（什么决定了产品的需求数量）
The determinants of demand include price, tastes, the price of other products, income and expectation（需求的决定因素包括价格、偏好、其他产品的价格、收入和预期）
②Demand curve（需求曲线） Why does it slope down（递减）?
③Price of elasticity of demand（需求价格弹性）
The percent change in quantity demanded of a product caused by a one percent increase in the price of this product（产品价格上升一个百分点所引起的该产品需求数量的百分比变化）
注意：需求曲线越平坦，说明越具有价格弹性 ④Consumer surplus（消费者剩余）
The difference between the value that consumers place on the units of the product that they buy and the payment that they make to obtain these units.（消费者在每单位产品上愿意支付的价格与获得这些产品实际支付的价格之间的差额）
（2）Supply and producer surplus(供给与生产者剩余)
①supply curve
Why does it slope up? (P19)
Price of elasticity of supply（P20） ②Supply surplus (figure 2.1)(P22)
(3)A national market with no trade(没有贸易的一国市场)
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Figure 2.2 – The Market for Motorbikes: Demand and Supply
3. Two national markets and the opening of trade（两国的市场与贸易的开展）
（1）Free Trade Equilibrium （自由贸易均衡）
What will happen when US trade with the rest of country? Buy low and sell high ----- arbitrage（套利） （2）Effects on production and consumption
①importing country ②exporting country
(3)Effects on the well-being of producer, consumer and the nation
①Importing country
Effects on consumers and producers Net national gains ②Exporting country
Note: one –dollar, one-vote metric (一元一票制) （4）Which country gains more?（哪个国家获益更多）
The country that experiences the larger price change has a larger value of the net gains from trade (经历较大价格变化的国家从贸易中获得较大的净收益)
Can you answer the four questions again?
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Chapter Three (第三章)
1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)
本章通过对标准贸易理论的介绍，使学生理解国际贸易开展的原因，国际贸易的好处，并掌握标准国际贸易理论的主要内容和贸易模式。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)
（1）亚当斯·密的绝对优势理论 （2）大卫·李嘉图的比较优势理论 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)
（1）绝对优势理论 （2）比较优势理论
4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)
15学时
5. Teaching means (教学手段)
多媒体 双语教学
6. Teaching process (教学过程)
Chapter Three (第三章)
Why Everybody Trades：Comparative Advantage
(为什么开展贸易：比较优势)
Warm up（温习）: what′s the basis for different countries to trade with each other?
1. Adam smith′s theory of absolute advantage （斯密的绝对优势理论） （1）Mercantilism （重商主义）（P35） （2）The theory of absolute advantage
Every country will focus on producing what it does best and exports it。(各国将集中力量生产它最擅长的产品并出口它)
① How to measure “best” ?
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Labor productivity：劳动生产率
The number of units of output that a worker can produce in one hour。 Or the number of hours that it takes a worker to produce one unit of output。
② The basis of trade （贸易的基础）
There is a basis for beneficial trade whether or not countries have an absolute advantage
2.Ricardo′s Theory of comparative advantage（李嘉图的比较优势理论） （1）The main views （主要观点）
①Ricardo focused on labor productivity (or resource productivity more generally) for different products in different countries.
②The principle of comparative advantage : A country will export products that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost.
③Basis for trade: Relative differences in labor (resource) productivity.
（2）Concepts （概念）
①Opportunity cost （机会成本）
Producing more of a product in a country is the amount of production of the other product that is give up.(一国某种产品多生产一单位是其它产品所放弃的生产数量)
②Relative price （相对价格）
3.Ricardo′s constant costs and the production-possibility curve (ppc) （1）PPC under constant costs （固定成本下的生产可能性曲线）
A curve that shows all possible combinations of amounts of different products that an economy can produce, with full employment of its resources and maximum feasible productivity of those resources。（一个经济体在资源充分就业以及资源生产率最大化条件下能够生产的不同产品数量的各种组合的曲线）
（2）Constant productivity （P41）
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The marginal or opportunity cost of each good is constant in each country.
(3)Ricardo′s conclusion
Each country then specializes in producing only the good in which it has a comparative advantage.(各国仅仅专业化生产自身具有比较优势的产品) （4）Equilibrium international price ratio(国际均衡价格比率)
Must fall within the range of the two price ratios that prevailed in each country before trade began.(必定位于贸易开始前两国产品的相对价格比率的区间内)
2.1>=international price of cloth >=0.67(bushel/yard) 0.5<=international price of wheat<=1.5(yard/bushel)
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