?How about the welfare for exporting and importing country?
Figure 6.8 – Summary of Gains and Losses from Opening Up Trade in Three Cases
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Chapter Seven (第七章)
1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)
之前的章节中我们假设一国的生产能力是保持不变的，本章来探讨经济社会的生产能力发生变化，即PPC向外移动的情形。让学生了解经济增长的类型，经济增长如何影响国际贸易，国际贸易又如何影响经济增长。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)
（1）平衡型增长 （2）偏向型增长 （3）贫困化增长
（4）产品生命周期假说与技术扩散 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)
（1）偏向型增长 （2）贫困化增长 （3）雷布津斯基定理
4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)
5学时
5. Teaching means (教学手段)
多媒体 双语教学
6. Teaching process (教学过程)
Chapter Seven (第七章)
Growth and Trade （经济增长与贸易）
Economic growth （经济增长）
Expansion over time in the capabilities of an economy to produce goods and services.
the sources of long-run economic growth?
?Increase in countries’ endowments of production factors ?Improvements in production technologies
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1. Balanced versus biased growth (平衡型增长与偏向型增长的对比) （1）Balanced growth（平衡型增长）
The ppc shifts out proportionally so that its relative shape is the same (生产可能性曲线按比例向外移动以至于它的相对形状是相同的) （2）Biased growth（偏向型增长）
Economic growth that favors producing relatively more of one of the products, so that the relative shape of the new production possibility curves skews toward the faster- growing product.（经济增长偏向于某一种产品生产的相对较多，以致于新的生产可能性曲线的相对形状向着生产速度较快的那种产品倾斜）
① What can cause biased growth?（什么会引起偏向型增长）
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From factors endowments（要素禀赋） From technologies （技术）
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2. Growth in only one factor（只有一种要素增长）
（雷布津斯基定理）Rybczynski theorem: (1) an increase in the output quantity of the product that uses the growing factor intensively, and (2) a decrease in the output quantity of the other product.
雷布津斯基定理：密集使用增长的要素生产的产品数量增加，并且其他产品的产出数量下降。
Figure 7.2 – Single-Factor Growth: The Rybczynski Theorem
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3.Changes in the country’s willingness to trade（国家贸易意愿的变化）
4.Effects on the country’s term of trade（对一国贸易条件的影响） （1）Small country（小国）
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A country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) does not affect
international product price （2）large country（大国）
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a country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) affects
international product price
①the first case：Terms of trade improves（贸易条件改善）
When growth reduces the country′s willingness to trade at any given price(第一种情形：当经济增长降低了一国的贸易意愿时：即进口需求的减少降低了进口产品的价格或是出口供给的减少提高了出口产品的价格——贸易条件改善)
②the second case：Terms of trade deteriorate（贸易条件改善） When growth reduces the country′s willingness to trade(当经济增长提高了一国的贸易意愿时：即进口需求的增加提高了进口产品的价格或者出口供给的增加降低了出口产品的价格——贸易条件改善)
（3）Immiserizing growth（贫困化增长） (figure 7.4)
Immiserizing growth
Definition: national economic growth that expands the country’s willingness to trade can result in such a large decline in the country’s terms of trade that the country is worse off . （贫困化增长是指扩大一国贸易意愿的经济增长会导致该国贸易条件大幅恶化，使该国的境况更差。）
Case :Dutch disease and deindustrialization（例子：荷兰病和去工业化）
Three conditions for Immiserizing growth to happen（贫困化增长的三个条件）
①The country’s growth must be strongly biased toward expanding the
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country’s supply of exports and the increase in export supply must be large enough to have a noticeable impact on world prices
②The foreign demand for the country’s exports must be price inelastic so that an expansion in the country’s export supply leads to a large drop in the international price of the export product
③Before the growth, the country must be heavily engaged in trade so that the welfare loss from the decline the terms of trade is great enough to offset the gains from being able to produce more. Exercise（练习）
?According to the Ryb theorem, an increase in the country’s labor force
will result in an increase in the quantity produced of the labor-intensive good, with no change in the quantity produced of the other good.” do you agree or disagree?
?A country whose trade has almost no impact on world prices is at great
risk of immiserizing growth.” do you agree or disagree? Exercise （练习）
1. If a country exhibits balanced growth, the production possibilities curve will:
（1）shift out on the x axis. （2）shift out on the y axis （3）shift out on both axes equally （4）not shift.
2.If a country's endowment of labor increases and cloth production is relatively more labor-intensive than corn production, then according to the Rybczynski theorem, the production possibilities curve will shift outward along: （1）the cloth axis （2）the corn axis （3）both axes.
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