国际贸易(8)

2019-04-16 23:03

垒与关税政策的实施在效果上的差异,以及与自由贸易相比较在效果上的差异。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

(1)进口配额在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 (2)自愿出口限制在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 (3)贸易保护的成本

3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

(1)进口配额在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 (2)自愿出口限制在小国和大国情形是的经济效应分析 (3)贸易保护的成本

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Nine (第九章)

Nontariff Barriers to Imports (进口的非关税壁垒)

9·1 Types of nontariff barriers to imports (进口非关税壁垒的种类)

?Nontariff barriers(NTB):Any policy, other than a tariff, used by the

government of a country to reduce imports of a specific product (非关税壁垒是指除了关税之外,一国政府使用的减少特定产品进口的任何政策) 9·2 The import quota (进口配额) 9·2·1 Import quota

A limit on the (maximum) total quantity of imports of a product allowed into a country during a period of time (进口配额是指在一定期间内对允许进入一国的某种商品进口总数量的限制措施)

9·2·2 The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions (竞争条件下进口配额的效应)

9·2·2·1 Small Importing Country case (figure 9.2) (进口小国的情形)

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Figure 9.2 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Small Importing Country (进口小国在竞争条件下实行进口配额的效应分析)P160

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a) ②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the import quota go?(来自进口配额的利益面积C去哪了?)

Depends on the ways how to allocate import licenses(这取决于进口配额许可证的非配方式)

?Ways to allocate import licenses(进口配额的分配方式)

(1)Fixed favoritism(固定受惠对象)P162

?

Import licenses adding up to the total quota can be allocated for free

on the basis of fixed favoritism, in which the government simply assigns the licenses to firms or individuals without competition, applications, or negotiations. (政府可以按照固定受惠方式免费发配配额,在这种方式下,政府只是简单的将许可证分配给企业或是个人,而不是采取竞争、申请或是谈判

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的方式。)

?

Where will area c go?(面积C由谁获得)

Area c is then a redistribution of well-being from domestic consumers

?

in the importing country to the favored importers with the quota licenses (那么面积C是由进口国内的消费者的福利重新分配给了受惠的进口配额许可证的进口商:即面积C由本国进口商获得) (2)Auction(拍卖):P163 Where will area c go?

The government gets c(政府获得拍卖收入的面积C的部分) (3)Resource-using procedures(资源使用申请程序)P163

The firms or individuals that want to obtain the licenses must use some costly procedure (such as first-come, first served; demonstrating need or worthiness; or negotiations) to compete to acquire the licenses from the government. (企业或是个人必须相互竞争才能获得进口许可,比方说先到先得,论证需求和价值的方式或是谈判的方式) Where will area c go?

面积c will used up in the rent-seeking activities(面积C 在寻租过程中被浪费掉了,面积C谁也没有获得,成为社会的损失)

④在固定受惠对象和拍卖时Net national effect(国家净效应)=-(b+d) 在资源使用申请程序时Net national effect(国家净效应)=-(b+c+d) ⑤在固定受惠对象和拍卖时Net world effect(世界净效应)=-(b+d) 在资源使用申请程序时Net world effect(世界净效应)=-(b+c+d) 9·2·2·2 large Importing country case(进口大国的情形)

Figure 9.3 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Large Importing Country (竞争条件下进口大国实行配额的效应)P167

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①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a)

②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the import quota go?(进口配额的受益面积c+e哪去了:在固定受惠对象或是拍卖时,面积c+e由进口本国获得) ④Net national well-being: e-(b+d)(国家的净福利= e-(b+d))

⑤Net world well-being:世界的净福利=外国出口商受损=-(e+f)与进口国净福利= e-(b+d)的总和,即世界的净福利=-(b+d+f) 9·3 Voluntary export restrains(自愿出口限制) 9·3·1 Definition(定义:P167)

The importing country government compels the foreign exporting country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its export to this country .(进口国政府强迫出口国同意自愿限制对该国的出口) 9·3·2 The effect of VER (VER 的效应)

Please compare with import quota(与进口配额的小国大国情形比较:很相似) 9·3·2·1 small Importing country case(进口小国实行VER的情形:参考P160图9-2)

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?)

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Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a)

②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the VER go?(的受益面积c哪去了:面积c由外国出口商获得)

④Net national well-being: -(b+c+d)(国家的净福利= -(b+c+d)) ⑤Net world well-being:世界的净福利=外国出口商受益=+c与进口国净福利= -(b+c+d)的总和,即世界的净福利=-(b+d)

9·3·2·2 large Importing country case(进口大国实行VER的情形:参照P167图9-3)

Figure 9.3 – The Effects of an Import Quota under Competitive Conditions, Large Importing Country (竞争条件下进口大国实行VER的效应)P167

①Domestic producer (gain or lose ?) Gain: a(国内生产者受益=+a)

②Domestic consumer (gain or lose?) loss:-(a+b+c+d)(国内消费者受损=-(a+b+c+d))

③Where does the benefit from the VER go?(VER的受益面积c+e哪去了,面积c+e由外国出口商获得)

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