Chapter Four (第四章)
1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)
通过本章的学习，让学生进一步了解比较优势的可能性，通过扩展架，引入H-O理论来解释比较优势，从而理解贸易开展的第三个基础原因。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)
（1）边际成本递增与生产可能性曲线 （2）社会无差异曲线与预算约束线 （3）要素的可获取性与要素比例 3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)
（1）H-O理论 （2）分工的原则
4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)
5学时
5. Teaching means (教学手段)
多媒体 双语教学
6. Teaching process (教学过程)
Chapter Four (第四章)
Trade：Factor availability and factor proportions are key
（贸易：要素可获取性和要素比例是关键）
Review：回顾前几章 the bases of trade（贸易的基础）
First，the differences in the demands for products in different countries(第一，不同国家产品的需求差异)
Second，the differences in technologies or resource productivities can create comparative advantage(第二，产生比较优势的技术或资源生产率的差异)
Third，the differences in factor availability are a source of
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comparative advantage（第三，产生比较优势的要素可获取性的差异）（本章重点）
1. Production with increasing marginal costs （边际成本递增下的生产） （1）Increasing marginal cost
As one industry expands its production quantity, increasing amounts of other products must be given up to get each extra unit of the expanding industry's product
(2)Is it straight line as constant cost?
Production possibilities curve under increasing costs is bowed out (边际成本递增下的生产可能性曲线是凸向原点的形状)
(3)What production combination is actually chosen?（如何选择实际的生产组合）
?Specialization on only one product in constant cost case. ?It depends on the market price.
2. Community indifference curves （社会无差异曲线） （1）Indifference curves
A curve that shows the various combinations of consumption quantities of products that give a consumer the same level of well-being or happiness。 （2）What consumption combination is actually chosen?
Depend on the budget constrain.
3. Production and consumption together (生产和消费相结合) （1）Without trade （2）With trade
（3）Demand and supply again
4. The gains from trade（贸易的利益）
?Trade allows each country to consume at a point(C1)that lies beyond its
own possibility to produce;
?trade allows each country to achieve a higher community indifference
curve
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?A country gains more from trade if its terms of trade increase.
?
Terms of trade（贸易条件）: the ratio of the (average) price that a country
receives from foreigners for its exports to the (average) price that this country pays foreigners for its imports
5.Trade affects production and consumption (贸易影响生产和消费) 6. What determines the trade pattern?（什么决定贸易模式）
?Production conditional differ ?Consumption conditional differ
?Some combination of these two differences
7. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory of Trade （赫克歇尔-俄林理论）
（1）Labor-abundant and Labor-intensive（劳动力丰裕和劳动力密集）
?Labor-abundant（劳动力丰裕）: A relatively labor abundant country is
a country that has a higher ratio of (nationally available) labor to (nationally available) other factors than does the rest of the world.
?
e.g.（练习） Country A has 160 units of labor and 100 units of capital;
country B has 120 units of labor and 80 units of capital. Which country is labor abundant country and which country is capital abundant country?
?
Labor-intensive（劳动力密集）：A relatively labor-intensive product is
a product for which labor costs are a greater share of its value than they are of the value of other products
?
e.g.（练习） Country A and B has the same technology. To produce 1 unit
of cloth needs 1 unit of capital and 3 units of labor while to produce 1 unit of food needs 2 units of capital and 2 units of labor. Which product is the labor-intensive and which is capital intensive? (2)The H-O theory( or H-O-S theory)(H-O理论的内容) ①Assumption（假设）
?Two countries, two factor and two goods(2*2*2)
?The factor supplies are fixed for each country, full employed and mobile
between sectors within each country, but immobile between countries
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?Consumption patterns of the two countries are identical
?Both countries share the same constant-returns-to-scale production
technologies
② main views （主要观点）
A country will export products that use relatively intensively those production factors found relatively abundantly in the country, and import products that use relatively intensively those production factors that are relatively scarce in the country.（一国应该出口密集使用该国相对丰裕要素生产的产品，并且进口密集使用该国相对稀缺要素生产的产品） Exercises(练习)
Q: China is relatively labor-abundant and Australia is relatively land-abundant. Production of textiles is relatively more labor-intensive than the production of wool. According to Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theory, Australia will have:
(1)a comparative advantage in textiles (2)an absolute advantage in textiles. (3)a comparative advantage in wool. (4)an absolute advantage in wool.
Q: England is relatively labor-abundant and the United States is relatively land abundant. Food production is relatively land-intensive and umbrella production is relatively labor-intensive. H-O theory predicts
(1)with increasing marginal costs of production, the United States can be expected to export umbrellas to England and import corn from England (2)with constant marginal costs of production, the United States will produce only corn and export corn to England and England will export umbrellas to the United States.
(3)with constant marginal costs of production, England will production only corn and export corn to the United States and the United States will
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export umbrellas to England.
(4)with constant marginal costs of production, the United States will produce some corn and some umbrellas and export some corn to England.
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