国际贸易(7)

2019-04-16 23:03

(4)neither axis

5.Technology and trade(技术与贸易) (1)R&D(研发)

(2)Diffusion(技术扩散)

The spread of technologies internationally, from the countries that invent or first use the technologies to other countries that can also use the technologies

(3)Product cycle hypothesis(产品周期假说)

A theory that there is a regular pattern to production locations and international trade patterns for a product after it is invented. The product is invented and first produced in an industrialized country, so at first these countries export the product. Over time, production shifts to other industrialized countries and then to developing countries, so the identity of the major exporting countries also changes. (该理论认为一种产品被发明之后它的生产区位模式和贸易模式存在一个规律:该产品在工业化的国家发明出来,并且进行初期的生产,所以起初,这些工业化国家是该产品的出口国,经过一段时间后,生产转移到了其他的工业化国家和发展中国家,所以主要的出口国也相应的发生了变化。) True or false (判断)

?

The product cycle hypothesis states that the location of production of

a product is likely to move from developed countries to less developed countries as the product moves from introduction to maturity to standardization.

? If economic growth results in a large country becoming more willing to

export, the relative price of the country's export good increases. (4)Openness to trade affects growth

?How openness affects country’s growth?

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Chapter Eight (第八章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习,让学生了解并掌握关税政策,以及关税政策的实施对生产者,消费者,一国政府和世界经济福利的影响。 2.Teaching important points (教学重点)

(1)进口小国征税的效应

(2)进口大国征税的效应与国家最优关税 (3)有效保护率

3.Teaching difficult points (教学难点)

(1)国家最优关税 (2)有效保护率

4.Class hours arrangement (课时安排)

5学时

5. Teaching means (教学手段)

多媒体 双语教学

6. Teaching process (教学过程)

Chapter Eight (第八章)

Analysis of a Tariff(关税分析)

8·1 What’s tariff?(什么是关税) (1)Tariff (关税)

A tax on importing a good or service into a country (关税是指进口到一国的商品或服务征收的一种税收)

(2)Specific tariff and Ad valorem tariff (从量关税与从价关税)

?

Specific tariff:: A tax is stipulated as a money amount per unit of

import(从量关税是指按照每一进口单位规定一个货币数量的税收。)

?

Ad valorem tariff :a tax is a percentage of the estimated market value

of the goods when they reaches the importing country. (从价关税是指当商品到达进口国按照商品估算的市场价值征收一定百分比的一种税收)

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8·2 The effect of a small country imposing a tariff (进口小国设置关税的效应)

参照图表Figure 8.4 – The Net National Loss from a Tariff in Two Equivalent Diagrams (P141)

8·2·1 The effect of a tariff on producers (关税对生产者的影响)

?gain : +a(生产者受益:面积

a)

8·2·2 The effect of a tariff on consumer (关税对消费者的影响)

?Lose: -(a+b+c+d)(消费者受损:面积

a+b+c+d)

8·2·3 The tariff as government revenue (政府的关税收入)

?Gain:+c(政府财政收入是受益的)

8·2·4 The net national loss from a tariff (一国来自关税的净损失)

?Consumers lose: -(a+b+c+d) ?Producers gain: +a ?Government collects: +c

?Net national loss from tariff:-( b+d)(一国的净损失是面积

b+d)

8·2·5 The effect of world of well-being from a tariff(关税对世界经济福利的影响)

Net world loss from tariff:-( b+d)(世界净损失是面积b+d,因为进口小国对世界价格不产生影响)

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8·2·6 area b and d :deadweight loss(面积b和d:无谓损失)

??

Consumption effect (d) :关税的消费效应(P146) Production effect (b) :关税的生产效应(P146)

8·3 The effective rate of protection (有效保护率)

8·3·1 概念:Effective rate of protection: Percentage by which the entire set of a country's trade barriers raises an industry's value added per unit of output. (P142)

8·3·2 公式:Effective rate of protection= (v’-v)/v V’: value-added after tariff(征收关税之后的价值增值) V: value-added before tariff(征收关税之前的价值增值)

8·4 The terms of trade effect and a nationally optimal tariff(贸易条件效应和国家最优关税)

a nation with monopsony power ( a large country)(具有买方垄断特权的一个国)

参照图表Figure 8.5 – A Large Country Imposes a Small Tariff (P149)

8·4·1 The effect of a tariff on consumer (关税对消费者的影响)

?Lose: a+b+c+d(消费者受损:面积

a+b+c+d)

8·4·2 The effect of a tariff on producers (关税对生产者的影响)

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?Gain: a(生产者受益:面积a)

8·4·3 The tariff as government revenue (政府的关税收入)

?Gain: c+e(政府关税收入:面积

c+e)

Who really pays the tariff? (谁真正支付了关税)

?Tariff is burden partly by domestic consumer and partly by foreign

exporter when the importing country is a large country.(进口大国的关税部分由本国消费者负担,部分由外国出口商负担)

?Note: Tariff is only burden by domestic consumer when the importing

country is a small country(进口小国的关税完全由本国消费者负担) 8·4·4 The net effect on the importing large country (进口大国的净效应)

?Net effect of importing country:-b-d+e(一国的净效应:e-b-d,如果结果是

正值表示一国是净收益的,如果是负值表示一国是净损失的)

8·4·5 The effect of world of well-being from a tariff(关税对世界经济福利的影响)

Net effect of foreign exporters外国出口商的净效应:净损失=-(e+f) Net effect of importing country进口国的净效应:e-(b+d)

Net world loss from tariff:-( b+d+f)(世界净损失是面积b+d+f,因为进口大国对世界价格产生影响,商品国际价格下降) 8·4·6 Nationally optimal tariff(国家最优关税)

?

The tariff rate that creates the largest possible net gain in well-being

for the country that imposes the tariff. (国家最优关税是指设置的关税可以使一国的净福利达到最大化的关税率)

?

The optimal tariff equals the reciprocal of the price elasticity of

foreign supply of our imports

(最优关税率等于我们进口产品的外国供给价格弹性的倒数)(P149)

Chapter Nine (第九章)

1.Teaching aims and content (教学目标与内容)

通过本章的学习,让学生了解和掌握非关税壁垒政策,以及主要的非关税壁

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