工业结晶过程提纲 Industrial Crystallization
一、工业结晶概论 Chapter 1 Overview of Industrial Crystallization 二、成核 Chapter 2 Nucleation
三、晶体生长 Chapter 3 Crystal Growth
四、粒数衡算概念 Chapter 4 Population Balance Concept
五、混合悬浮混合产品排出结晶器:一种理想方式 Chapter 5 Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal Crystallizer-An Idealized Configuration 六、粒数影响因素 Chapter 6 Population Functions
七、结晶动力学推导 Chapter 7 Derivation of Crystallization Kinetics
八、结晶过程中的物理传递现象 Chapter 8 Physical Transport Phenomena in Crystallization 九、结晶系统取样和分析 Chapter 9 Sampling and Analyzing Crystallizing Systems
十、结晶器设计中基本原理的应用 Chapter 10 The Use of Fundamental Principles in Crystallizer Design
十一、设计用的结晶动力学:小型实验的结晶动力学用于结晶器设计 Chapter 11 Design Oriented Crystallization Kinetics Obtained in Small Scale Experiments for Crystallization Design 十二、间歇结晶器设计 Chapter 12 Design of Batch Crystallizers
十三、连续搅拌槽式结晶器设计 Chapter 13 Design of Continuous Stirred Tank Crystallizer 十四、强制循环蒸发结晶器设计 Chapter 14 Design of Forced Circulation Evaporation Crystallizers
十五、晶浆处理:结晶器-离心机-干燥器组成的系统分析 Chapter 15 Slurry Handling: An Analysis of the System Crystallizer-Centrifuge-Dryer
参考书目 References:
1.Mullin, J. W., Crystallisation, 2nd ed.. Butterworths, London, 1972. TQ026.5/YM1 中译本:胡维杰、宁桂玲等编译,《结晶过程》。大连理工大学出版社,大连,1991。 TQ026.5/H2 2.Jancic, S. J. and P. A. M. Grootscholten, Industrial Crystallization. Delft University Press, Delft, Holland, 1984. TQ026.5/YJ1
3.[苏联] E. B. 哈姆斯基著,古涛、叶铁林译,《化学工业中的结晶》。化学工业出版社,北京,1984。 TQ026.5/H1 4.丁绪淮、谈遒著,《工业结晶》。化学工业出版社,北京,1985。 5.Journal of Crystal Growth.
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第一章 工业结晶概论
Chapter 1 Overview of Industrial Crystallization
§1.1结晶在工业上的应用 Utilization of Crystallization in Industries §1.2结晶产品的表征 Characterization of Crystalline Products
市场指标 Market requirements- 纯度purity;强度strength;形状shape;外观appearance;
粒径分布particle size distribution;自由流动和储存性能free flowing and storage properties。
工艺指标 Process requirement- 成本最低a minimum cost。 1.纯度和强度 purity and strength
图1.1。
2.形状和外观shape and appearance
又叫晶习 crystal habit。
3.晶体粒度分布 Crystal size distribution (CSD)
测量方法:筛分法 sieving 和考尔特计数法 Coulter counter。
粒度分布可用累积重量百分数(积分曲线)和相对百分数频率(微分曲线)类表示。图1.2, 图1.3。
变异系数表示粒径偏离平均尺寸的程度。定义为:
CV=(标准差 standard deviation/平均尺寸 mean size)×100 ----------------(1.1)
§1.3溶解度和过饱和度 Solubility and Supersaturation
图1.4。
Ostwald 于1900年,Freundlich 于1909年推导出非常小的晶粒的溶解度高于大粒子的溶解度,关系如下: CL=C*exp(MY/RTGibbs-Thomson equation----------------------------(1.2)ρcL)-----------
式中 where CL为粒径为L的粒子的溶解度
solution equilibrium concentration for crystal size L,kg/kg solution C*为大粒子的溶解度solution equilibrium concentration,kg/kg solution M 分子量 Molecular weight,kg/kmol
Y 固体粒子的表面能 surface energy of the solid particle in contact with solution,J/m2 R 气体常数 universal gas constant,J/mol·K
ρc3晶体密度density of crystal, kg/mT 绝对温度 absolute temperature, K L 晶体尺寸 characteristic crystal size, m 式(1.2)通常称为 Gibbs-Thomson 方程。
由式(1.2)可见,当L→0时,CL→∞,所以新晶核生成是很困难的。
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第二章 成核:工业结晶器中晶核形成机理和可能来源
Chapter 2 Nucleation: Mechanisms and Possible Sources of Nuclei
in Industrial Crystalizers
普遍认为要从过饱和溶液中析出宏观晶体,包括二步。第一步必须形成晶核,即非常小的晶状体;第二步,这些晶核必须长大。Two steps involved in the formation of macroscopic crystals from a supersaturated solution: first, nuclei, minute crystalline entities of finite size, must be formed; and second, these nuclei must grow.
成核可以定义为在结晶系统中形成最小的稳定结晶聚集体的过程。 Nucleation may be defined as the process in which the smallest stable aggregates of a crystalline phase are formed in a crystallizing system.
成核机理可以区分为以下几种情况:
成核 Nucleation 初级成核Primary 二次成核Secondary 均相成核 Homogeneous 多相成核 Heterogeneous §2.1初级成核 Primary nucleation 1. 均相成核Homogeneous nucleation
图2.1。
晶核形成的能垒 Energy barrier for the nucleus formation
形成稳定晶核所需的总功W等于形成新表面所需的功Ws和形成颗粒内部所需的功Wv
之和, 即:
W = Ws + Wv ----------------------------------------------------------------------------(2.1) positive negative 根据类推, 均相成核过程的总过剩自由能变化ΔG, 是表面过剩自由能变化ΔGs与体积过剩自由能变化ΔGv之和:
ΔG =ΔGs +ΔGv ------------------------------------------------------------(2.2)
式中 where
ΔGs是粒子表面与晶粒主体之间的过剩自由能变化 excess free energy change between the surface of the particle and the bulk of the particle
ΔGv是很大粒子与溶液中溶质之间的过剩自由能变化 excess free energy change between a very large particle and the solute in solution
ΔGs是正值, 与粒子表面积成比例, ΔGv是负值, 与粒子体积成比例。
ΔG = kaL2ζ + kvL3(ΔG)v ------------------------------------------------------------(2.3)
式中 where ka 表面形状因子 surface shape factor kv体积形状因子 volume shape factor L 晶体特征尺寸 characteristic crystal size ζ过饱和度 supersaturation, (= (cˊ-c*ˊ)/c*ˊ) cˊ溶液浓度 solution concentration, kg/m3 solution c*ˊ溶液平衡浓度solution equilibrium concentration, kg/m3 solution (ΔG)v 单位体积的相变自由能变化free energy change of the transformation per unit
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volume
式2.3可以定性地画成图2.2。
图2.2清楚地表示出ΔGs是正值, ΔGv是负值, 而它们的和ΔG则先正后负, 经过一个最高点。最高点的自由能变化值,称为临界自由能变化ΔGcrit, 对应于临界晶核尺寸Lc, 可通过求方程(2.3)的最大值得到。
d?G?2ka?L+3kv(?G)vL2?0dL?2.4?
Lc= -2kaζ/3kv(ΔG)v ---------------------------------------------------------------------(2.5) 2. 多相成核 heterogeneous nucleation
Volmer 1929 年从理论上研究了外来粒子引发成核的问题。可用下式表示:
?GHET(2?cos?)(1?cos?)2??GHOM4(2.6)
式中where υ 接触角angle of contact ΔGHET 多相条件下临界晶核形成的自由能变化free energy change associated with the formation of a critical nucleus under heterogeneous conditions, J/mol ΔGHOM 均相条件下临界晶核形成的自由能变化free energy change associated with the formation of a critical nucleus under homogeneous conditions, J/mol
式2.6可以解释溶液中有外来粒子存在时成核所需的过饱和度可以较低。 υ=0°,cosυ=1, ΔGHET =0 complete affinity 0<υ<180°, ΔGHET<ΔGHOM partial affinity υ=180°, ΔGHET=ΔGHOM complete non-affinity §2.2二次成核 Secondary nucleation
在过饱和溶液中存在产品晶体时,通常会在不能发生自发成核的低过饱和度下诱导出更多的晶体。这种母晶体的催化作用称为二次成核。工业结晶器中的成核主要是二次成核。 1. 二次成核的机理 Mechanisms of secondary nucleation
初始产晶Initial breeding 针状产晶Needle breeding
碰撞产晶Collision breeding: 磨损产晶 attrition breeding和接触成核 contact nucleation 杂质浓度梯度成核Impurity concentration gradient nucleation 流体剪应力 Fluid shear
2. 二次晶核的来源Origin of secondary nuclei
氯酸钠结晶实验。
3. 影响二次成核的因素 Factors affecting secondary nucleation
影响二次成核的因素有:过饱和度、冷却速率、搅拌速度、晶种尺寸、杂质等。其中过饱和度是最重要的。 §2.3 工业结晶器中的成核 Nucleation in industrial crystallizers
工业结晶过程晶核的可能来源列于表2.1中。从表2.1可见在工业结晶器中既可能有初级成核,也可能有二次成核。晶核来源很广。所以工业结晶器中往往是晶核太多,这样就难以长
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成大晶体。举个例子说明。假定晶体是球形的,直径为d,密度为ρc,则一颗晶体的质量为π/6ρcd3。这样,100克0.1mm大的,密度为2 g/cm3的物质的晶种,将含有
Numbers of crystals =weight, g/(π/6ρcd3)=100/(π/6×2×0.013)=9.55×107
每一颗晶种都是一颗潜在的晶体。假定它们同时长大,则从图2.6可以看出需要多少溶质才能使它们长大到规定尺寸。从图2.6可见,要使晶体长大到1mm,需要析出100 kg溶质,而800 kg溶质析出才能长到2 mm,对于2.5 mm的晶体来说,需要析出的溶质量大于1500 kg。
Table 2.1 Sources of nuclei in industrial crystallization source of nuclei type of prevention or remedy nucleation process boiling zone primary reduces specific production rates, increase crystal surface area hot feed inlet primary enhance heat dissipation, reduce degree of superheating, carefully chose inlet position inlet of direct coolant primary enhance heat dissipation, reduce temperature of coolant, chose inlet position heat exchangers, chillers, etc. primary reduce temperature gradients by increasing surface area, increase liquid velocities reaction zone primary enhance mixing and dissipation of supersaturation, increase crystal surface area cavitating moving parts primary adjust tip speed, suppress boiling by sufficient static head crystal/crystallizer contacts adjust tip speed and design -collisions with moving parts(impellers, secondary configuration, coat impellers with pumps, etc.) soft materials, reduce if possible -collisions with crystallizer walls magma density and mean crystal size crystal/crystal contacts secondary carefully specify all clearances and -crystal grinding in small clearance attrition hydrodynamics of two phase flow spaces(impeller/draft tube, pump breakage therein stator/rotor) crystal/solution interaction primary reduce jetting, get to know the -fluid shear, effect of impurities, etc. secondary effect of impurities for each particular system, prevent incrustation nucleation induced by crystal interactions nucleation induced by excessive supersaturation 5