传染病学常考的英文内容
28. herxheimer reaction(赫氏反应): It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs (mainly antibiotics) to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition.
29. hemolytic urinemic syndrome /black urine fever: A serious, often fatal complication of malaria, characterized by an acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria and hemolytic jaundice. It is often provoked by antimalarial drugs.
30. ectopic lesion(异位损害): the schistosome eggs and/or adult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and brain.
31. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected.
32. Widal’s test: A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever; used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi.
Part Ⅱ: Qustion.
1. the five manifestation of infection(感染过程的五种表现)
Pathogen is killed or eliminated;
Covert infection or subclinical infection, it is usually the most common;
Overt infection or clinical infection: the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as
immunological response. It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics.
Carrier state: It is a very important source of infection;
Latent infection: it is usually seen in herpesviridae, tuberculosis, malaria, et al.
2. Please describe briefly the factors involved in the pathogenecity of a pathogen(致病能力包括哪几个方面)?
Invasiveness: the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissues;
Virulence: it is consists of toxins and other virulent factors;
Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease;
Variability: The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host.
3. the prerequisite of an epidemic of a communicable disease?(传染病流行的必要条件)
Three prerequisite are required for a communicable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously. Second, there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease, ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen must reach the susceptible, the route of transmission.
4. the basic characteristic of communicable disease（传染病的基本特征）?
The main difference between communicable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All communicable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused by a pathogen. But the former have infectivity/ communicability, it is the main difference between them. And communicable diseases have some epidemiological feature. In addition, there is post-infection immunity no matter covert infection or overt infection.