传染病学常考的英文内容
The disease begins as a nonspecific illness marked by fever, headache, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. Abnormal sensations at or around the site of viral inoculation occur frequently and probably reflect local nerve involvement. After the prodromal period of 2~4 days, the characteristic fear of water, responsible for the alternative name of ‘hydrophobia’, and fear of wind, becomes evident in many cases. Delusions and hallucinations may develop accompanied by spitting, biting and, and maniacal behavior, with lucid intervals in which the patient is acutely anxious. Cranial nerve lesions develop and terminal hyperpyrexia is common. Death ensues, usually within a week from the onset of symptoms.
11. describe briefly the five phase of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
Typical cases of HFRS evolve in 5 stages:① the febrile stage with myalgia, lasting 3 to 4 days; ② the hypotensive stage, often associated with shock and lasting from a few hours to 48h; ③ the oliguric phase usually lasts from 3 to 7 days. The rising concentration of blood urea and creatinine is accompanied by persistent oliguria. ④ the diuretic stage with diuresis and hyposthenuria; and ⑤ the convalescent stage, getting full recovery within 1 to 6 months.
12. main manifestation of sepeticemia
The main clinical manifestations of septicemia are chills, high fever, severe toxemic symptoms(such
as headache, dysphoria), petechia（瘀点）,arthralgia（关节痛）, hepatosplenomegaly（肝脾肿大）, some patients may have metastatic（迁徙性） lesions;in severe patients, septic shock, toxic cerebrosis（脑病）, toxic pneumonia, toxic myocarditis（心肌炎）,toxic hepatitis and toxic enteritis（肠炎） may be present
13. the key points of blood culture
（1）before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever；（2）repeat more than 3 times；
（3）the amount of the blood sample should be＞10ml in adults or older children, ＞5ml in infants；（4）blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. ⑸ bone marrow culture is recommended; ⑹drug sensitivity test is very necessary.
14. main manifestation of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis
Epidemic encephalitis B is an encephalitis caused by flavovirus, which belongs to the family of
Togaviruse. The infection is transmitted by mosquito.The disease is mainly manifested by high fever, impairment of consciousness, convulsion, respiratory failure. Signs of meningeal irritation, increased intracranial pressure and other neurological signs. The typical profile in cases of epidemic encephalitis B is lymphocytic pleocytosis, normal or slightly elevated protein level, normal glucose level, and elevated CSF pressure. The specific IgM antibody detection is most useful for the diagnosis of this disease.
15. therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis?
①specific antibiotics should be given intravenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin; ② anti-shock therapy; ③ use of glucocorticoids(糖皮质激素) such as methylprednisolone or DXM; ④ if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated; ⑤ anticoagulant therapy if DIC is present; ⑥ supportive therapy to maintain vital organs.
16. main characteristic of typhoid fever
Typhoid fever, also called enteric fever, is characterized by sustained fever, gastrointestinal
symptoms, rose spots, relative bradycardia, hepatoslenomegaly, neuropsychiatric features and leukopenia. The clinical course of the disease can be divided into 4 stages:（1）prodromal stage, （2）stage of prominent