传染病学常考的英文内容
manifestation,（3）remission stage, and（4）convalescent stage. The two major complications are intestinal hemorrhage and perforation, both can be life-threatening.
17. main characteristic of bacillary dysentery/shigellosis
shigellosis is an acute bacterial infection caused by the genus Shigella resulting in colitis affecting predominantly the rectosigmoid colon. It is characterized by fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and tenesmus. It is usually limited to a few days. Early treatment with antimicrobial drugs results in more rapid recovery.
18. main manifestation of cholera（霍乱）.
Cholera is an acute, sometimes fulminant watery diarrheal disease resulting from an enterotoxin elaborated by Vibiro. Cholerae in the small intestine. It generally occurs in epidemics and may cause a rapid massive gastrointestinal fluid loss with extreme saline depletion, acidosis, and shock.
19. main manifestation of leptospirosis（钩体病）
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic (动物源的) disease of worldwidedistribution caused by spirochetes
(螺旋体) of the genus (种) Leptospira. It is divided into three phases according to its clinical manifestation: ① the initial phase: leptospira bacteremia (钩体菌血症); ② the second phase: organic injury and dysfunction; ③ the third phase: immune response. The initial clinical symptoms are fever, headache, myalgia (肌痛), conjunctival injection (眼结膜充血) and swelling of lymph nodes (淋巴结肿大), in some cases followed by a more severe illness that may include jaundice (黄疸) and renal failure, meningitis (脑膜炎) or hemorrhagic pneumonitis (出血性肺炎). Intravenous penicillin has demonstrated good clinical efficacy for leptospirosis.
20. amebic colitis/ intestinal amebiasis (肠阿米巴病) .
Amebiasis is defined as infection with the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. The manifestation of amebic colitis may be subtle or severe and range from mild watery diarrhea to explosive, bloody dysentery with a fulminant couse. Amebic colitis mainly presents with lower abdominal pain, mild diarrhea, malaise, and weight loss. The stools contain little fecal material and consist chiefly of blood and mucus.
21. main manifestation of hepatic amebiasis/ amebic liver abscess(肝阿米巴病/阿米巴肝脓肿).
Amebic liver abscess is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of amebiasis. Patients may note right-upper-quadrant pain that is either dull or pleuritic in nature. Often pain is referred to the right upper shoulder. Less than 50% of patients have an enlarged liver. Patients typically manifest long-term fever and weight loss. Diarrhea is found in less than one-third of patients with Amebic liver abscess. Exam may reveal abdominal tenderness, tender hepatomegaly, and crackles at right lung base. Jaundice is uncommon.
22. main manifestation of malaria(疟疾)
The first symptoms of malaria are nonspecific, including the lack of a sense of well-being, fever, headache, fatigue, and abdominal discomfort. The classic“trilogy” of malarial paroxysm(发作) includes chills, rigors, spike fever（体温骤升骤降）, and heavy sweating. The intervals are irregular in P. falciparum（恶性疟）, within 48h in P. vivax（间日疟）, and 72h in P. malariae（三日疟）, respectively. Splenic enlargement is very common.
The diagnosis of malaria rests on the demonstration of the parasite in peripheral blood smears. Both thin and thick blood smears should be examined.