(1)现代汉语里的词语与英语里的词语不大相同
现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄,词义比较精确、固定、严谨,其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小,具有较强的独立性。
英语里每个词条往往有数种甚至数十种词义。
如:challenge V.
本义:挑战;鞭策(某人)克服困难;对??抱有怀疑或不认识,
引申意义:对??提出异议,重新考虑,使得??成了问题,促使,首屈一指,需
要有??
本义:
1) I challenged him to a game of tennis.
我邀他比赛网球,一较高下。
2) This difficulty challenges my mind to find an answer.
这困难激励我,使我设法找出答案。
3) She challenged the justice of the law.
她质询新法律,认为它不够公平。 引申意义:
1)The United States Government does not challenge that position. 美国政府对这一立场没有提出异议/质疑. 2)I‘ve constantly challenge my own conclusion. 我一直在重新考虑自己的结论.
3)Recent discoveries have challenged their old notions. 最近的发现使得他们原来的观点成了问题. 4)His question challenged us to think. 他的问题促使我们去思考.
5)China challenged the world in discipline. 中国的组织纪律在世界上是首屈一指.
6)Survival in enemy-occupied territory challenged skill. 在敌占区生存需要有高超的能力. challenge n. 挑战;质询
1) To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert.(P.87)
为了最有效地迎接这些挑战,中国和美国必须协力行动。 2) This job is too dull, I want one with more challenge.
这工作太呆板,我要较具有挑战性的工作。
3) The election of the new government was met by a challenge from its opponents.
新政府的选举受到反对党的质询(认为合法性有问题)。 challenging adj. 具挑战性的;有吸引力的 1) His new book is full of challenging idea.
他的著作充满挑战性的观念。
2) She‘s a challenging woman; isn‘t she!
她真是个有吸引力的女人,不是吗!
三、 Exercises (练习)
1. 在商务翻译中,词语翻译应该注意哪几点?
6
2. 将下面的句子译成汉语。
① And that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish the
earth. ② Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. ③ He likes mathematics more than physics.
Like knows like.
第四章 英汉翻译中的增词法与减词法
为了尽可能使译文的意义、语气、语态等切合原文,常常要在译文中增加一些原文没有对应的词,即原文中虽然无其词却有其意的词。
翻译时,
一、 为了语法上的需要而增词
英语的时间概念主要通过动词词形变化来表示,而汉语动词没有词形变化,其时间概念要靠副词表示。因此,把英语句子中的动词译成汉语时,有时增加有关副词。如:“现在、过去、曾经、原(先)、当初、刚才等等”。但是,严格来说,这不算翻译技巧中的增词,只是对不同现象的一种必要处理,因为初学翻译的人往往不善于增补这一类词。故也将其列为增词法的一种。
例如:1) They are leading a happy life. 他们现在过着幸福的生活。
2) First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity…
He is skeptical--- he does not accept statements which are not based on the most
complete evidence available.
首先,成功的科学家似乎总是充满好奇心。他习惯于怀疑——除非是建立
在现有的充分证据之上的论述,他才接受。
(文中两个is都是一般现在时,英语的一般现在时用来表示在反复发生的或
习惯性的动作,所以译为汉语时加“总是”和“习惯于”)
3)Then the whole course of my life might have been different. 如果真是那样的话,我的生命路程也许会是另一番景象。(原文是虚拟语气,在句中增加“如果真是那样的话”表示说话人其实并没有走上另一条道路。) 二、 为了表达的清晰和自然而增词
在翻译中,为了表达的清晰和自然,可根据语义增加动词、形容词、名词、副词、量词、语气词等。
例如:1)My grandparents believed you were either honest or you weren‘t. There was no in between. 我的祖父母认为,你要么诚实,要么不诚实,不可能介于两者之间(或:没有中间道路可选)。(量词)
2) For months I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid. 几个月来,我桌上一直放着一幅从小报上剪下的照片。(动词)
7
3)Science demands of men great effort and complete devotion. 人们要掌握科学知识,必须做出巨大的努力并表现出无限的热忱。(汉语不说“掌握科学”而是在“学科学”或“掌握科学知识”,在“努力”前补出“做出”,在“热忱”前补出“表现出”)
三、 为增加背景知识或文化知识而增词(又称“解释性增词”)
例如 1)Nixon learned that Geausescu would welcome a presidential visit. 尼克松了解到,齐奥塞斯库欢迎美国总统访罗。(本句上文提到美国总统访问罗马)
2)…that hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid… 这个很有希望的年青人就扮成极其讨人喜欢的插着双翅的爱神丘比特。(狄更斯《艰难时世》,原文Cupid 是希腊神话中的爱神,形象为手挽金弓金箭,长着双翅的美少年)
3)Can the leopard change his spots? 豹子改不了身上的斑纹,这叫本性难移。(这句和汉语谚语“狗改不了吃屎”有相似之处。不过“狗改不了吃屎”只能用于贬义。而上句英语谚语是中性,可褒可贬。所以有时为了确保原意和保留形象,便采取了这种解释性的增词法)
四、 语名词复数翻译的增词法
由于汉语名词没有形式手段表示其单复数的区分,因此英语名词的复数在汉译时往往通过增词的方式体现出来。(请看书P.38)例如:
1) Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
2) Newsmen went flying off to Yachen. 记者纷纷飞到雅典去了。
3) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾,千夫怒吼。
4)The mountains began to throw their long blue shadow over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色长影。
5)Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the
Tsars.
大部分是在历代沙皇统治下,通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。
五、 英语翻译中的减词(省略)翻译法
我们讲过,逐字翻译往往是不行的。省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而
已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之,省略是删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去,省略的范围很广,一般是从语法和修辞角度来考虑的。例如:
1) But it‘s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven‘t been able to change it.( 省主语)
但我就是这个脾气,(……)虽然几经努力,(……)却未能改变过来。
8
2) Even as the doctor was recommending rest, he knew that this in itself was not enough,
that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind.( 省泛指)
医生尽管建议休息,他也知道休息本身是不够的,如果心情不平静,(……)是休息不好的。
3) She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it.( 省宾语)
她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上,好象表示感谢(……)。
4) He declined to amplify on the President‘s statement, since he had not read the text.( 省
从属连接词)
他没有看到总统讲话的文本,不愿加以发挥。 六、练习(第四章增词法与减词法)
1. I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我当时就知道的同现在一样清楚。(语法增加) 2. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。(增加副词) 3. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。(形容词前增加名词)
Every measure has been taken to reduce the tension of the market.
已经采取了各种措施来缓和市
场紧张情况。(抽象名词后增加名词)
4.
某些由动词或者形容词派生出来的抽象名词, 翻译时可以根据上下文在其后增加适当的名词。
to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare准备 preparation准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态 tense 紧张 tension紧张局势/关系/心情/情况
arrogant 自满 arrogance自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness疯狂行为
5.The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下相互交换了信件。(解释性增加) 6. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房屋,都是他从来没有见过的。
第五章 英汉翻译中的重复翻译法
9
Teaching Objectives (教学目的):
1. To make students understand the importance of repeating some words in translation 2. To help students use the repeating method correctly.
3. To require the students to know the character of repeating in‘ translation.
Teaching Requirements(教学要求):
1. Students are able to get a clear picture of the text .
2. Students are required to master the new words and phrases in this part. 3. Students should read some reading materials and do exercises after class .
Teaching methodology(教学方法):
④ Communicative method (交际法) ⑤ Cognitive method(认知法):
⑥ Functional and notional method(功能意念法) ⑦ The grammar-translation method
Time Distributive(时间分配)
1. Preparation and analyses of the text (2 hours) ⑧ Analyses of the text A and exercises (1 hours)
Focuses in teaching (教学难点)
1. The repeat of words and phrases in translation
Teaching Procedures (教学过程)
重复法实际上也是一种增词法,只不过所增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词,目的是为了明确、强调或生动,将一些关键词加以重复。例如:
1)The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution. (重复谓语)
一、
10